双向知识产权保护对中国出口三元边际的影响

理论分析了双向知识产权保护对出口国出口三元边际的影响,并选取2005—2015年中国出口到世界65个国家的HS-6位贸易数据,构建引力模型进行了实证验证。主要结论是,国内加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类和数量,贸易伙伴国加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类;没有证据表明,国内或国外知识产权保护水平的提升会影响中国的出口价格;当国内知识产权保护更强时,双向知识产权保护对中国出口种类的促进作用都有所增强,反之则二者作用都不显著;分国家类型的研究表明,双向知识产权保护的同时加强更有益于中国向发展中国家出口产品种类的扩张,但对发达国家则不显著。     

贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响

本文采用中国海关数据库和OECD编制的TFIs指数,从出口企业-目的地层面分析了出口目的地贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响。研究显示:目的地贸易便利化的提升对中国企业出口额增长有显著的促进作用,但企业的出口增长是通过缩小出口产品种类数(扩展边际)、扩大产品平均出口额(集约边际)实现的。拓展分析表明:随着目的地贸易便利化水平的提升,小企业和加工贸易企业会更多地缩小出口产品种类;低收入经济体贸易便利化提升对中国企业出口扩展边际的消极影响更大。据此,企业应专业化、规模化地生产有比较优势的产品,不断提升自身生产率,积极应对贸易便利化带来的机遇和挑战。     

区域贸易协定与出口的二元边际:基于中国—东盟自贸区的微观数据分析

以周边国家为基础加快实施自由贸易区战略是未来中国对外经济政策的重点.本文使用CEPII-BACI数据库1995～2012年中国对东盟各国的HS-6位数产品的出口贸易数据,探究了中国—东盟自贸区建立前后中国对东盟出口的二元边际结构及其决定因素.研究发现,中国对东盟的出口以集约边际为主,但自贸区的成立有效地促进了扩展边际的提升;中国—东盟自贸区对二元边际都有促进作用,但对集约边际的影响更大.结果表明,中国的自贸区战略仍处于浅度一体化的阶段,应该提高合作水平,向深度一体化发展.     

经济规模、贸易成本与我国钢铁行业出口的二元边际分析

根据HS八分位将钢铁行业分为204类产品,并利用我国与168个国家(地区)的16748个出口数据将出口分解为广度边际(EM)、集约边际(IM)、价格因子(P)和数量因子(X),从二元边际的角度分析我国钢铁产品出口增长的途径,实证表明:集约边际对钢铁出口增长的作用大于广度边际,国家间出口的差异来源于数量因子,而价格因子的国家间差异较小;此外,经济规模、经济发展水平以及贸易成本对出口边际影响显著,但影响程度具有差异性.     

技术性贸易措施影响中国制造业出口的实证分析——基于企业异质性视角的研究

文章在企业异质性视角下,利用修正后的引力模型,分析了影响2004～2007年中国制造业29个子产业出口的因素。研究表明多数子产业同质性程度较高,产出和出口主要集中于众多中小企业。考虑企业异质性情形下,产业内出口规模对贸易壁垒引起的贸易成本变化更加敏感。研究也发现较之距离缩短,技术性贸易措施减少引起的贸易成本降低有更明显的贸易促进效应。     

融入产品内国际分工体系如何影响企业出口的二元边际——基于两步系统动态GMM估计方法的研究

本文利用WIOD的宏观投入产出数据和大样本微观企业合并数据, 采用两步系统动态GMM估计方法分析融入产品内国际分工体系对我国企业出口二元边际的影响.研究结果发现, 融入全球产品内分工体系显著促进企业集约边际的增长, 但没有促进扩展边际的增长; 融入全球产品内分工体系促进加工贸易企业及港澳台、 外资企业集约边际的扩张, 抑制国有和集体企业扩展边际的增长.     

Export product range and economic growth in the EU countries

We analyse the number of different HS8 products in the EU countries’ exports in 1995–2015. We review what share, or coverage, of the total possible number of these products the countries have exported each year. The EU15 countries have typically witnessed a slow rise in this coverage rate, that is, a widening of their extensive margins. The exception is Finland where the share has declined considerably. On the other hand, Ireland, Greece, Portugal and the new member countries have seen a dramatic increase in their export product coverage. We analyse how the development in the coverage rate and, as a comparison, the diversification of exports as measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are associated with GDP per capita growth. We find that changes in the former measure are positively associated with economic growth after we have controlled for GDP per capita catching‐up as well as investment and export activity. We also find that smaller EU economies do not specialise more than large ones in their exports as could perhaps be assumed.     

“两高一资”产品出口贸易调控的综合决策

对两高一资产品的出口贸易进行综合调控是可持续发展的重要组成部分。针对该类产品出口贸易调控政策研究的系统性和复杂性,文章使用多目标决策方法构建了我国两高一资产品出口贸易调控的多层次关联结构模型,并以钢铁产品的贸易调控政策为案例应用该模型进行分析,旨在为我国出口贸易调控政策的颁布和实施提供决策思路和方法。     

减税能否影响企业出口?——基于增值税有效税率的考察

本文以减税为切入点,选取2000-2006年中国工业企业和海关进出口贸易数据,利用2004年东北地区增值税转型改革的政策冲击构建工具变量,从出口决策与出口绩效两个维度系统考察增值税有效税率对企业出口的影响,并识别其内在作用机制。研究发现,增值税有效税率降低可以提高企业的出口倾向,改善企业的出口绩效。这一效果因企业所有制、规模、盈利水平及行业技术水平不同而有所差异,表现为非国有企业、小型企业、低盈利水平企业及一般技术行业受到的影响更大。对影响机制的检验表明,生产率提升与产品竞争力提高是增值税有效税率影响企业出口决策与出口绩效的主要渠道。因此,应继续深化税制改革,减轻企业税负,注重公平化、合理化,发挥减税政策的引导和激励作用。     

The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on the openness measurement issue

Empirical results on the links between trade openness and economic growth often suggest that, in the long run, more outward‐oriented countries register better economic growth. However, a similar level of trade openness can hide different types of trade structures. The aim of this paper was to enrich the way of measuring trade openness taking into account two different dimensions of countries’ integration in world trade: export quality and export variety. Based on the estimation of an endogenous growth model on a panel of 169 countries between 1988 and 2014 using a generalised method of moments estimator, our results confirm that countries exporting higher quality products and new varieties grow more rapidly. More importantly, we find a non‐linear pattern between the export ratio and the quality of the export basket, suggesting that openness to trade may impact growth negatively for countries which are specialised in low‐quality products. A non‐linear relationship between export variety, the export ratio and growth is also found, suggesting that countries increasing their exports will grow more rapidly after reaching a certain degree of the extensive margin of exports.     

Board of directors and export spillovers: What is the impact on extensive margins of trade?

Increased export experience on the board of nonexporting firms has a causal effect on their propensity to enter foreign markets in later periods. Using a universal set of Swedish employer–employee panel data for the period 2000–14, this paper finds evidence on spillover from exporters to non-exporting SMEs through outside board directors. The identification strategy to account for endogenous selection of external board members relies on external instruments and applications of different instrumental variable approaches, capturing also unobserved heterogeneity. Our findings are robust to controlling for export background among managers and employees, as well as firm size, human capital, total factor productivity, productivity spillovers, firm location and industry classification.     

中国出口制造业投入服务化水平测度——基于贸易增加值视角

本文根据2018版OECD-ICIO数据,采用贸易增加值测算法测度了2005-2015年中国出口制造业投入服务化水平,我们发现:在考虑出口二元结构的条件下,2005-2015年中国制造业整体投入服务化水平平均值为26.89%,呈上升趋势;国内投入服务化水平高于国外且呈现出不断"以国内服务替代国外服务"的变动趋势;相比于一般贸易,加工贸易出口制造业投入服务化水平更高但增速较缓,加工贸易国内服务投入比重较低但服务化增速较快;相比于资本和知识密集型制造业,劳动密集型制造业的高端生产性服务尤其是国内高端服务投入比重较低。