The Effects of Currency Depreciation on Industry Trade Flows between Malaysia and China

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the impact of real depreciation of ringgit/yuan on Malaysian bilateral trade with her largest trading partner, China, over the period of 1987 to 2013. Using disaggregated import and export data from 39 industries, the results from the bounds testing approach to co-integration and error-correction model reveal that the real bilateral exchange rate has short- and long-run effects in the majority of the industries. However, the short-run effects shift into the long run in nine out of 20 import industries and in 13 out of 20 export industries. Most of these are small industries producing intermediate goods.     

Exchange rate volatility and Turkish industry-level export: Panel cointegration analysis

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of the exchange rate volatility on Turkey's export. To this end, the panel cointegration analysis is applied to the data from Turkey's top 20 export industries to major 20 trading partners for the period 1980–2009. Special attention is paid to test for whether employment of country-level trade data instead of industry-level data is subject to the aggregation bias problem in the estimation of long-run cointegration parameters. The results indicate that employing country-level trade data suffers from the aggregation bias in estimating the cointegration parameters for the level of exchange rate and for the exchange rate volatility. The findings imply that (i) the impact of the exchange rate volatility on Turkish exports differs across industries, (ii) Turkey benefits from the depreciation of Turkish lira, and(iii) the foreign income plays a key role in determining the Turkish industry-level exports. The findings increase our insights to explain therecent dynamics of Turkish exports and provide some policy implications.     

人民币升值对出口商品价格传递效应的测度及其政策涵义——以中美贸易为例

以单位值指数构造方法为基础,选取五种商品分别构建五个不同行业商品的出口价格指数,经过协整检验、自回归分布滞后检验以及脉冲响应函数检验,结果发现:五种行业出口产品的价格指数在短期内均存在不完全的汇率传递效应;相对于其他行业来说,劳动密集型行业的汇率的短期出口价格效应更加明显;汇率传递的长期出口价格效应要高于短期出口价格效应。其政策涵义是,为规避人民币升值的负面效应,中国应该积极推动全球化过程中贸易自由化进程,做好劳动密集型行业的升级和优化,稳步推进人民币汇率形成机制和管理体制改革,宏观政策做到微观审慎监管和宏观审慎监管相结合。     

A new perspective on the third-country effect: The case of Malaysia–US industry-level trade

Cushman suggested that impact of exchange rate volatility declines after the inclusion of the third-country effect. Like Cushman, when we use a linear analysis, we confirm his results. However, when we engage in asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility which requires including nonlinear adjustment of volatility measures, the findings show more support to both exchange rate volatility influence and the third-country effect. Therefore, we propose that in examining exchange rate volatility effect on trade, consideration must be given to not just asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility but also asymmetric effects of the third-country effect. We demonstrate these findings using monthly data from 54 Malaysian industries that export to the US and 63 Malaysian industries that import from the US.     

进出口贸易增长与人民币汇率之间的长期均衡与动态波动分析

本文运用协整关系分析、格兰杰因果检验和误差修正模型,对进出口贸易与我国汇率之间关系进行的实证分析表明:进出口增长与汇率波动之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,出口贸易与汇率在很大程度上是互为因果的关系—出口和汇率的增长都会引起对方的下降,而且汇率的影响大于出口。从短期来看,汇率的提升会促进出口的增长。近期,汇率的升值显著促进了进口增长,但并没削弱出口,而短期波动的影响不显著。我国出口贸易的增长是由许多非汇率因素促成的,因此仅靠调整汇率解决贸易失衡问题,所起到的作用是有限的。     

Impact of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Trade Flows: Evidence from Commodity Trade between the United States and the United Kingdom

Previous studies that investigated the impact of exchange rate volatility on the trade flows employed aggregate trade data and standard estimation techniques. They provided mixed results. In this paper we use disaggregated import and export data for 177 commodities traded between the United States and the United Kingdom to investigate whether volatility of the real bilateral dollar–pound exchange rate has any detrimental effect on trade flows at the commodity level. Additionally, we employ the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error‐correction modelling that is suitable for the models used mostly because it does not require pre‐unit‐root testing and variables in the model could be stationary, non‐stationary or a combination of the two. In most trade flow models estimated, we found a negative effect of exchange rate volatility on commodity trade.     

Do inpayments and outpayments respond to exchange rate changes asymmetrically: Evidence from Malaysia

Since the pass-through of exchange rate changes on import and export prices are asymmetric, we expect a country’s inpayments (export earnings) and outpayments (cost of imports) to also react to exchange rate changes asymmetrically. We demonstrate this hypothesis by considering trade between Malaysia and each of her 11 largest trading partners. We find that while the short-run effects of exchange rate changes on Malaysia’s inpayments and outpayments are asymmetric with all partners, the long-run asymmetric effects are present in less than half of the partners. The results are partner specific.     

论汇率变动对出口价格的传递效应——中国、日本、东盟、德国经验数据比较研究

文章比较分析了中国、日本、德国和东盟四个国家(地区)汇率变动对以美元计价的对美出口商品价格指数的传递效应,结果显示中国是唯一在当期存在汇率传递影响的国家,但影响显著为正。短期内德国汇率传递效应最高,中国的传递效应最低。由于中国汇率传递的滞后时间较长,中国累计汇率传递效应值高于日本。在实证结果的基础上,文章认为在短期内无法改变出口商品技术含量和竞争力的情况下,人民币保持稳步的升值步伐比汇率上下波动更有利于企业价格的提高。     

Exchange-Rate Volatility,Exchange-Rate Regime,and Trade in OIC Countries

The authors examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) countries from 1995 to 2008 using panel estimations to distinguish differences between disaggregate trade, and examine its threshold effects. Results reveal that exchange rate volatility generally has significant negative effect on export and import with lag. However, exports of OIC with flexible exchange rate regime have significant positive exposure to exchange rate volatility. The authors also document a threshold effect for countries with trade value constitutes more than 30% of the real gross domestic product, and the exchange rate volatility becomes significant positive for export but significant negative for import with lag.     

Exchange-rate variability and industry trade flows between Malaysia and Japan

This research investigates the exchange-rate risk sensitivity of Malaysian bilateral trade flows with its important trading partner, Japan. To this end, bounds testing approach to co-integration is applied using industry level data over the monthly period 2000–2013. Findings suggest that above the one-third of the total co-integrated export (43.86%) and import (34.54%), industries experiences the ringgit/yen variability effect in the short run. However, this effect sustains in relatively less number of export (14.03%) and import (32.73%) industries in the long run. It is interesting to note that exchange-rate risk boosts trade flows in the majority of these affected industries.     

欧盟反倾销调查与中国对欧出口贸易间关系 研究：基于ARDL-ECM 模型的分析

欧盟对华反倾销问题是当前中欧经贸关系进程中的重大问题,本文采用ARDL模型和边界检验技术,实证分析欧盟对华反倾销与中国对欧出口之间的长、短期关系。结果显示,我国对欧出口与欧盟GDP、出口商品价格、反倾销之间存在协整关系。根据协整分析,长期内欧盟对华反倾销并未抑制我国对欧出口贸易,相反,反倾销在一定程度上推动了对欧出口规模;欧盟成员国收入水平对出口贸易有较大的促进作用;出口价格变动对出口抑制效应不明显。     

贸易自由化与中国经济增长关系的实证分析

本文以衡量贸易自由化的各种指标为出发点,选取贸易依存度作为研究指标,借助于协整检验、格兰杰因果检验等计量方法分析1990年以来我国外贸开放度与经济增长之间的关系,发现贸易依存度、出口依存度、进口依存度与经济增长存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,各变量之间有着单向因果关系,且出口、进口都对经济增长起着促进作用,故而,我国应二者并重,积极参与贸易自由化的进程。     

我国改革开放以来对外贸易与经济增长关系的实证分析

改革开放20多年以来,我国经济取得了举世瞩目的成就,对外贸易得以飞速发展。本文采用ADF检验、协整检验、向量误差修正模型、Granger因果检验、方差分解和脉冲响应函数等一系列现代经济计量学方法,研究我国改革开放以来对外贸易与经济增长之间的长期动态均衡关系及信息传导机制。结果表明:进出口与经济增长之间存在着长期均衡关系,但从短期来看,均衡关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度较慢。进出口与经济增长之间存在着单向的Granger因果关系。进口和出口对经济增长都具有拉动作用,但拉动作用在长期和短期的表现有所不同。     

汇率风险如何影响中国对日本的出口

本文研究汇率风险对中国与日本的双边出口是否存在长期和短期的影响。使用多元JO-HANSEN协整检验法来检验汇率波动率与出口之间是否存在长期均衡关系。使用GRANGER非因果检验和脉冲响应函数检验短期影响是否存在。研究结果表明从长期看,汇率风险对出口没有影响,但是短期看,汇率风险确实会影响出口。     

人民币实际汇率及波动对进出口贸易的影响——以江苏省与美国进出口贸易为例

本文基于进出口需求方程,通过建立AR-GARCH模型及协整模型来研究影响江苏省与美国进出口贸易的主要因素。研究发现,江苏省和美国两个各自的国内收入(生产总值)、人民币实际有效汇率水平对进出口贸易都有较大的正向显著影响,而人民币汇率波动没有显著影响,在分析这一结果背后原因的同时,提出密切关注美国经济走势,及时指导外贸企业规避风险,树立企业外汇风险意识,增强企业外汇风险管理能力,进一步增强经济实力,优化贸易结构等政策建议。     

Real Exchange Rate Volatility on the Short- and Long-Run Trade Dynamics in Colombia

The short- and long-run implications of real exchange rate volatility on Colombian bilateral trade commodities and non-commodities with its major trade partners are analyzed from the perspectives of the Marshall-Lerner condition, a cointegration relation with other aggregate variables, and the J-curve hypothesis. Long-run equilibrium on the Colombian bilateral balance of trade with a country is more common when the trade volume is denominated in terms of one of the world's main currencies—as is the case of commodity trade and trade with a country whose national currency is one of these currencies. No evidence of the J-curve was found in any of the analyzed Colombian bilateral balances of trade. Opposite to the predictions of the J-curve hypothesis, more common are the scenarios of short-run improvements in the bilateral trade balances following a devaluation than are those with instantaneous declines. Improvements in the terms of trade are found to have a long-run deteriorating impact on the Colombian balance of trade, especially in the case of non-commodity trade. Policy makers should consider that continuous improvements in the Colombian terms of trade, as the ones recently observed, will ultimately be a detriment to the country's current balance of trade surplus.     

供给因素、结构变化、汇率与我国的双边贸易

基于考虑供给因素、结构变化的出口决定模型,采用两方程方法和单方程方法研究了外国GDP、中国GDP、结构变化、汇率与我国17个双边贸易之间的关系。研究表明:供给因素、结构变化对我国双边贸易有重要影响,供给因素对我国与美、澳、马、巴、新、泰、加进口及出口的影响存在严重的不对称性,结构变化对我国与德、印、加进口及出口的影响存在严重的不对称性,汇率对中国对15个贸易伙伴国出口与进口的影响存在严重的不对称性。采用出口除进口表示贸易收支做法的单方程方法的研究存在严重错误。经济增长模式对双边贸易有重要影响,人民币升值对我国双边贸易不平衡有一定的矫正作用,对改善我国双边贸易不平衡的国别分布有较大的积极作用。     

中国大豆进口的长期均衡和短期调整分析

中国的大豆在生产成本和市场价格上不具备优势。国内大豆生产不能满足国内榨油业和饲养业的迅速发展对大豆的需求,中国已由传统的大豆出口国转变为净进口国,大豆进口量快速增长。国内前期大豆的供给量与需求量之差、世界大豆总产量以及国际和中国大豆价格等与中国大豆进口量之间存在长期均衡关系。国际大豆产量、国内大豆产量、国际和国内大豆价格以及进口食用植物油量的年度变化量,是引致中国大豆进口短期波动的主要因素。当大豆进口量短期波动偏离长期均衡时,每年将以0.78的调整力度将非均衡状态拉回到均衡状态。     

外商直接投资对浙江省进出口贸易影响的实证分析

选用1992-2006年浙江进出口贸易和外商直接投资的数据,通过建立计量模型,就外商直接投资对浙江进出口贸易的影响,从总量、结构及贸易效益三方面进行分析。研究表明,外商直接投资对浙江省进出口贸易总额存在积极的拉动效应,对进出口商品构成产生明显的影响作用,通过提高加工贸易比重改变了浙江省的贸易方式结构,还在一程度上促进了浙江外贸竞争力的提高。同时也发现浙江省对外贸易与外资引进中仍存在一些问题,并针对这些问题提出解决对策。     

The impact of parallel market exchange rate volatility and oil exports on real GDP in Syria: Evidence from the ARDL approach

This paper investigates the impact of parallel market exchange rate volatility and trade on real GDP and real GDP growth in the Syrian economy over the period of 1990Q1–2010Q4. To this end, we first construct a parallel market exchange rate volatility indicator. Second, we estimate an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model where we include our indicator of volatility among the main determinants of real GDP. Our findings imply that real GDP can be explained by three main variables: parallel market exchange rate, money supply, and oil exports. The long-run equilibrium reveals that parallel market exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on real GDP compared to the positive impact of money supply and oil exports. In contrast, the short-run impact of parallel market exchange rate volatility on real GDP growth is positive and very small counter to the long-run impact. Furthermore, the coefficient of the error correction term of the estimated ARDL model indicates that real GDP deviation from the equilibrium level will be corrected by about 10% after each quarter.