审计学学科属性、学科体系及学科建设的若干问题探讨

审计现象是审计学科的独特研究对象，审计学科形成了相对独立的理论体系、知识基础和研究方法，因此，它是独立学科；审计学科还未发展到成为学科门类的规模，而现有一级学科都无法容纳它，因此它是独立的一级学科。审计学科具有交叉性质，它与经济学门类、法学门类都有一定的相似性，但是与管理学门类相似性更多，因此应该属于管理学门类。根据审计现象的细分，审计学科的二级学科包括基本审计学、审计技术方法学、政府审计学、内部审计学、民间审计学、军队审计学。相关的政府部门可以通过各种措施来推动审计学科建设，包括学科定位及方向确定，学位点、学科队伍、科学研究、人才培养、学科基地等的建设。     

审计学科应当是法学学科门类中独立的一级学科

审计学目前是管理学门类工商管理一级学科下会计学二级学科所属的三级学科,这种学科定位明显不符合审计学的学科属性,尤其是无法包容国家审计的内涵。从审计的三大类型：国家审计、内部审计和社会审计来说,审计是法治国家和法治社会建设的重要工具,应属法学学科门类,但又显然不能归属于法学门类的任何一级学科。因此,审计学是有独立研究对象的法学门类的一级学科,即法学门类的第7个一级学科。     

我国《审计法》修订路径及其启示

从国际上来看,政府审计由财务审计向绩效审计和责任审计扩张正成为一种潮流。我国政府《审计法》修订源于政府的转型和加强对公权运行监督的需要。《审计法》修订的路径选择揭示公法修订要有充分的理论储备、广泛的社会互动和科学的成本效益分析。     

Bridging the transatlantic publishing gap: How North American reviewers evaluate European idiographic research

To a large extent there exists a gap between European and American management research reflecting the differences between nomothetic and idiographic research approaches. The paper investigates the logic used by North American reviewers when evaluating European papers based on an idiographic case study approach. Our analysis enables us to uncover the criteria used by North American reviewers and to relate them to the criteria suggested for idiographic research. We also discuss the role of writing style and structure in the North American reviewers' assessment of idiographic papers. Based on our analysis we make suggestions to editors, reviewers, and authors of idiographic papers, in order to enhance the probability for publication of idiographic, qualitative and processual research and thus to bridge the transatlantic gap.     

Accounting and financial audit harmonization in the European Union

The article reviews the evolution of financial reporting in the EU and considers how this is likely to affect auditing in the future. The analysis shows how the European Commission has recently concentrated its harmonization focus on the consolidated accounts of listed companies and the use of International Accounting Standards. The move towards internationally harmonized reporting seems likely to require auditing to be harmonized throughout Europe, which seems to impact recent national auditing standards. It is probable that this trend will continue and in the short term will cause changes in the arrangements for external overview of the audit and in national auditor independence rules.     

国有企业审计监督体系构建研究

在我国现行国有资产管理体制下,国有企业不仅要接受国有资产监管体系内部多种形式的监督,而且还要同时接受政府审计、社会审计和内部审计的监督。由于各种审计主体职责重复、各自为政,在导致审计资源严重浪费的同时,还造成许多国有企业长期缺乏有效的审计监督。本文从我国国有资产监管体系的现行架构出发,对政府审计、社会审计、内部审计及其他多种审计主体的分工与配合问题进行了研究,为国有企业建立合理有效的审计监督体系提供参考。     

Beyond the audit expectations gap

In seeking to encourage a broader, European dimension to research on auditing and audit expectations, this paper examines the recent history of auditing and its regulation in Spain within the context of international developments in the accounting profession. The more expansive role being assigned to the audit function in Spain following the implementation of the Fourth and Eighth European Company Law Directives is generally viewed by Spanish writers as a progressive step, with largely positive effects. Such views stand in some contrast to the history of auditing in Britain, where the prevalence of an ‘audit expectations gap’ suggests a rather more problematic state of affairs. In exploring both the Spanish context and the nature of the audit expectations gap in Britain, however, the paper reveals a common underlying belief in the potential of auditing. Through this comparative analysis, and by drawing on recent audit research challenging certain long-held assumptions about auditing, a number of questions are asked of the current form and status of auditing and auditing expectations in Britain and Spain. In so doing, the paper raises issues that go beyond the current confines of the audit expectations gap debate, stressing, in particular, the need for greater consideration to be given, through less Anglo-centric analyses, to the varying nature and capabilities of European audit practice.     

成本预算视角下的国家审计质量控制

国家审计成本是国家审计机关和人员在审计活动过程中为达到一定审计目标而发生的各种人、财、物、时间、信息、机会等资源的价值牺牲或付出的代价.在分析政府审计业务流程的基础上,借助于价值预算的方法,可以编制出整个审计项目所需要的成本预算.在成本预算中,通过对审计高风险环节或重要业务环节加大审计资源配置倾斜,在理论上可以实现对整体审计项目质量的控制;通过对审计成本预算控制审计质量效果的长、短期评价,可以不断修正并减少前期预算编制中因不合理的资源配置导致的审计低效,这一评价过程最终也构成整个政府审计质量控制体系的重要组成部分.     

目标导向审计研究

本文认为,审计导向模式的发展演变是审计社会需求和审计目标发展的必然结果,审计目标体现了审计内在的逻辑性。审计的最终目标是评价受托经管责任的履行情况,在审计目标的指引下,可以解决现行审计的理论和实践问题。     

The development of the role of the audit in the Czech Republic

As the economies in Central Europe have commenced their transformation from centrally planned to market-led economies, each country has implemented a new legal framework for accounting and auditing. This provides a unique opportunity to research the implementation of aspects of accounting and auditing well known to Western market economies into different economic contexts. In particular, it provides an opportunity to revisit the role of the independent audit. This paper contributes to the research on the developing of auditing in Central Europe by analysing the role of the audit in the Czech Republic. It covers aspects of both regulation and practice and, in order to gain more understanding of how the audit role is developing in the Czech Republic, focuses on three areas: influences on the Czech audit legislation; the position of the audit report and perceptions of the objectives of the audit in the Czech Republic. After a brief review of the published literature on accounting and audit in the Czech Republic, the paper studies some of the country's recent economic and legislative developments in relation to auditing. These developments are put into the context of auditing before and after the ‘Velvet revolution’ of 1989. The paper then concentrates on the influences on the development of Czech audit legislation by comparing aspects of the Czech audit legislation with the German and UK equivalents. This comparison highlights some anomalies in the Czech legislation. The Czech audit legislation is then put into the local context based on a review of the contents of the audit report and its publication with interviews among a selection of users and preparers about how the audit is perceived.     

高校建设项目跟踪审计研究

高校的建设工程项目具有周期长、投资大、技术复杂、控制环节多、专业性强等特点,高校审计部门的工作人员面临着如何为学校控制和节约建设项目的成本。经过几年的理论研究和实践探索,跟踪审计这种新的审计模式逐渐在工程项目审计中推广开来。     

民国时期的审计学研究刍议

民国时期的学者对审计概念的内涵、审计目的、会计师审计结果的效用性等一系列问题都作了较为充分的探讨和研究,初步形成了审计学理论体系。民国时期的审计学研究虽然还处于初步阶段,但审计学作为一门学科在中国已经正式建立起来。审计学在民国时期得以建立的原因,除了社会经济生活的需要、先进的学术观点的引进、学术人才队伍的具备、学术资料的积累等以外,还有两个更重要原因——一是会计学作为一门学科的独立发展,二是民国时期审计制度的建立。     

社保基金审计监管体制构建

在老龄化的人口结构下,社保基金的安全、完整和合规运作显得尤为重要,关系到整个社会的稳定发展,关系到广大人民生活安定与否。本文就老龄化社会背景下,如何加强社保基金监管,提出了建立以国家审计为主导、以内部审计为基础、以社会审计为辅助的审计监管机制,加强对社保基金的管理监督。     

Corporate Social Responsibility, Public Policy, and NGO Activism in Europe and the United States: An Institutional-Stakeholder Perspective

abstract    Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an increasingly pervasive phenomenon on the European and North American economic and political landscape. In this paper, we extend neo-institutional and stakeholder theory to show how differences in the institutional environments of Europe and the United States affect expectations about corporate responsibilities to society. We focus on how these differences are manifested in government policy, corporate strategy, and non-governmental organization (NGO) activism towards specific issues involving the social responsibilities of corporations. Drawing from recent theoretical and empirical research, and analysis of three case studies (global warming, trade in genetically modified organisms, and pricing of anti-viral pharmaceuticals in developing countries), we find that different institutional structures and political legacies in the US and EU are important factors in explaining how governments, NGOs, and the broader polity determine and implement preferences regarding CSR in these two important world regions.     

县(市、区)党政主要领导干部经济责任同步审计初探

经济责任审计是我国特有的审计模式和干部监督机制,党政主要领导干部经济责任同步审计是新时期经济责任审计的新方式和新要求。作为一种新的审计形式,必然存在许多新的问题。笔者结合审计实践,分析了党政主要领导干部经济责任同步审计需解决的主要问题,提出了党政主要领导干部经济责任同步审计的主要方法,为进一步推动党政主要领导干部经济责任同步审计进行了有益的探索。     

Performance trends in the construction industry worldwide: an overview of the turn of the century

This paper presents an exploratory study to assess the efficiency level of construction companies worldwide, exploring in particular the effect of location and activity in the efficiency levels. This paper also provides insights concerning the convergence in efficiency across regions. The companies are divided in three regions (Europe, Asia and North America), and in the three main construction activities (Buildings, Heavy Civil and Specialty Trade). We analyze a sample of 118 companies worldwide between 1995 and 2003. Data envelopment analysis is used to estimate efficiency, and the Malmquist index is applied for the evaluation of productivity change. Both methods were complemented by bootstrapping to refine the estimates obtained. A panel data truncated regression with categorical regressors is used to explore the impact of location and activity in the efficiency levels. The results reveal that the efficiency of North American companies is higher than the European and Asian counterparts. Other important conclusion points to a convergence in efficiency levels across regions as in North America productivity remains stable, whereas in Asia and Europe productivity improves.     

风险导向审计及其在我国的应用分析

风险导向审计是以全局战略观的眼光评价客户的所有经营行为的有效性,将风险置身于审计的全过程。本文分析风险导向审计产生的背景与原因,对现阶段我国推行风险导向审计进行了可行性分析,并指出其局限性,最后提出相应的建议。     

投资机会、审计风险与审计质量研究

审计可以被视为解决公司代理问题的一种监控机制,是一项能够约束管理者机会主义行为的制度安排.以我国2004年--2008年只发行A股的上市公司为研究样本,在控制样本自选择偏误的基础上,检验审计质量、投资机会和可操控性应计的关系后发现:高投资机会公司的股东为监督公司的管理者有动机选择高质量的审计;同时,投资机会越大的公司,其可操控性应计越高,即高投资机会公司的注册会计师面临着更高的审计风险;而注册会计师为了降低审计风险和被诉讼的风险,也有动机提高自身的审计质量,从而遏制被审单位的可操控性应计.     

Review of empirical research on rotation and non-audit services: auditor independence in fact vs. appearance

Confidence in the processes of corporate reporting and auditing has rapidly decreased recently due to front-page accounting scandals in both the United States and Europe. The goal of audit regulations, such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act in the United States (US) and the 8th Directive in the European Union (EU), is to restore public trust in the auditing process. Along with other regulatory aspects, requirements related to audit partner rotation and bans on providing concurrent non-audit services were implemented to maintain auditor independence, both in fact and in appearance. However, the implementation of audit regulation implies that increased requirements are able to enhance the failed audit function. Empirical research should help to understand the impact of these two regulatory aspects and indicate their effectiveness in maintaining auditor independence. Thus, we outline the newest empirical research related to audit partner rotation and non-audit services and independence in fact or in appearance. Overall, we conclude that prior research does not point to one particular requirement that would most effectively restore trust in the audit function. Rather the existence of multiple threats to auditor independence might demand a combination of several requirements to maintain auditor independence. Thus, more research is needed to investigate the joint effects of different threats to auditor independence, e.?g., non-audit fees and audit partner tenure.     

中外绩效审计准则比较及启示

鉴于国际准则发展趋势,我国亟须制订国家层面的绩效审计准则,为此,本文以青岛绩效审计指南为样本,与国外先进国家绩效审计准则比较,找出中外绩效审计准则在结构、内容等方面存在的异同点,并从中外政治、经济、社会与技术水平差异以及准则本身所具有的不完全合约属性等方面作出解释。最后,我国在制订国家层面的绩效审计准则时,应以与国际绩效审计准则实质趋同为要旨,对中外准则差异可采用"拿来"、剔除、保留中国特色等方式进行处理,在此基础上,提出了我国绩效审计准则的理论框架。