转轨制国家国内横向资本税竞争的模型分析

本文分析了转轨制国家国内地方政府间的资本税竞争,认为一定条件下的地方政府间资本税竞争可以在一定程度上提高全国居民的福利水平;不过,经济转轨初期的各地方政府似乎更愿意采取协同一致的税收政策,因为实行这样的税收政策对地方政府的自身利益较为有利。     

东道国税收激励政策的福利效应分析

应用税收激励来吸引外商直接投资是目前世界上大多数国家常用的政策手段。然而,税收激励政策在促进东道国经济增长的同时对东道国福利的影响是不确定的,需要对税收激励政策的成本和收益进行综合评估。本文对经典的Macdougall一般福利效应模型做进一步拓展,引入税收激励来分析外商直接投资对福利效应的影响,结果表明:税收激励政策能否增进一国福利水平主要取决于外资企业的技术外溢。从这个结论出发,本文对我国当前税收优惠政策的福利效应进行评述,进而对我国外商投资税收优惠提出政策建议。     

自由贸易及跨界污染背景下的国际环境政策协调

文章构建了一个考虑跨界污染损害的福利函数,推导出自由贸易背景下某国的最优污染税,并与世界福利最大化时的最优污染税进行比较,以说明国家间环境政策协调的必要性。文章考虑了四种情况,分析结果表明,只有在该国为小国且污染不跨界时不需要国际协调;当该国为大国或者污染跨界时,单个国家的独立行为通常不会产生合意的世界福利水平,此时需要国际协调以实现世界福利最大化。大国的污染政策具有贸易条件效应,因而出口国有设定过高污染税的激励,而进口国则会设定过低的污染税,双方都寻求转变贸易条件以有利于本方。而污染跨界时单个国家通常会有"搭便车"的激励,此时会实施较为宽松的环境政策。     

技术创新、最优碳税与国际减排合作

本文基于两国减排博弈拓展了Weber和Neuhoff(2010)的一国环境经济模型,进而探讨了非合作和合作两种情形下,具有不同技术创新水平时各国最优碳税的变化及其对社会福利的影响。结论表明,技术创新削弱了碳税之于减排的重要性,同时增强了国际合作减排的动力,而技术差距越大,合作意愿越小。当两国减排责任接近或者存在合作补偿的情况下,容易形成福利增进、达成减排合作。这为我国进一步加快低碳技术创新、充实南南减排合作,从而更好地应对气候变化谈判提供了理论依据和决策参考。     

宏观税负、税负结构和社会阶层分化的理论和实证分析

本文选取2005～2008年中国293个地级市各主体税种税负结构和城镇居民可支配收入数据,运用面板回归和截面回归等方法,实证分析了税负结构对居民可支配收入的影响和对不同收入阶层居民收入水平的影响。研究结果表明：（1）除个人所得税税收负担对居民可支配收入的影响较不显著外,增值税、营业税以及企业所得税税收负担对居民的可支配收入都有很显著的负向影响;（2）我国的税负结构并没有发挥应有的调节收入分配,减缓社会阶层分化的作用,并在一定程度上加剧了社会阶层的分化。本文的政策含义是：税负结构合理的关键是责权利的一致性或成本与受益的对称性,应当结合收入分配制度改革对税收制度进行相应调整,同时加强对非工薪收入的缴纳。     

Who benefits from partial tax coordination?

In this paper, we investigate whether partial tax coordination is beneficial to countries within and outside a tax union, in which countries are supposed to compete in taxes and infrastructure. Our results demonstrate that a subgroup of countries agreeing on a common tax rate can harm both member and nonmember states. This is in contrast to the classical findings that partial tax harmonisation is Pareto improving. When a minimum tax rate is imposed within a tax union, we demonstrate that it does not necessarily improve the welfare of the member countries. Moreover, both the high‐tax and low‐tax countries can be worse off. This conclusion is at odds with the classical result that a high‐tax country benefits from the imposition of a lower tax bound.     

Regional Taxation and Retailing: The Economic Geography of the Internet

It is well established in the economics literature that before-tax prices are not independent of sales-tax rates. This paper shows that a sales-tax imposed in a high tax region can decrease the tax-included price for a buyer in a low tax region who purchases from a seller in the high tax region. Therefore, it may be more profitable for Internet retailers to be located in high tax regions. An empirical analysis shows that automobile manufacturers in the European Union (EU) set higher before-tax recommended prices for countries with low indirect taxes. This may contribute to the explanation of the flow of Internet automobile sales from high tax countries to low tax countries in the EU.     

发达国家中小企业税收政策对我国的启示

发达国家非常重视中小企业,采取种种税收鼓励措施扶持其发展。我国没有建立起规范的中小企业税收制度,政策优惠力度不足,增值税制不完善,需要进一步建立与完善有利于中小企业发展的税收政策体系,提高税法级次,调整现行政策,加大对中小企业的税收支持力度,促进中小企业的快速发展。     

基于碳排放责任视角的碳税征收方式选择

文章基于碳排放责任认定的“生产者责任”、“消费者责任”以及“共担责任”视角,运用产业内贸易理论,分别构建了开放经济下两个国家征收生产型碳税、消费型碳税和混合型碳税的博弈模型。并利用各模型的均衡解,从国家福利、碳排放量和企业利润等方面比较了这些征税方式的效果,分别得出了实现国家福利改善、碳减排和企业发展等目标的条件,并探讨了实现综合目标的可能性。结果表明：分别从实现国家福利改善目标和实现碳减排目标看,混合型碳税均优于生产型碳税;从实现企业发展目标看,生产型碳税优于混合型碳税;任何一种碳税征收方式无法同时实现所有目标,政府必须在三个目标之间有所取舍,在一定条件下消费型碳税或混合型碳税可同时实现福利改善和碳减排目标。     

Tax Impact on Corporate Income Remittances to and from Japan and the United States

This study examines the combined impact of bilateral tax treaties and domestic tax policies on corporate income remit- tances to and from Japan and thc United States. Thc study calculates the two-way flows of corporate reminanccs between these two coun- tries and 100 other countries. We find very significant differences in the tax treatment by these two countries across bolh remittance methods and countries. The study recommends that both govern- ments seek ways to promote greatcr worldwide uniformity in tax treatment of corporate income remittanccs.     

新税制环境下企业流转税纳税筹划探析

纳税筹划比税务筹划的概念更适合于纳税人.三大流转税涉税业务多,发生频率高,是企业的主体税种.在新一轮税制改革环境下,增值税可以运用销售方式、结算方式、选择供货单位等方法筹划;消费税可以通过设立独立的销售机构、运用价格临界点、避免从高计税等途径来筹划;营业税则可采用分解营业额、合理签订合同、单设企业等方式予以筹划.纳税企业需恰当运用税收政策,规避税务风险,降低纳税成本,不断提高税务管理水平.     

全球中小企业税收优惠制度改革及借鉴

20世纪70年代开始,主要发达国家都对中小企业税收优惠制度进行了重大改革:从全面优惠到有选择的重点优惠;在坚持税收法定原则的基础上,灵活务实;引入税式支出,对税收优惠进行绩效考评;非常注重政策的配套与协调等。中国在中小企业税收优惠制度方面存在法定性不足、受惠主体过窄、力度小、优惠方式单一、导向性不明显、配套协调不够、缺少科学合理的评价等问题。因此,中国应借鉴全球中小企业税收优惠制度改革的经验,有针对性地进行改革。     

浅析企业增值税税收筹划

增值税在企业纳税活动中占有重要的地位 ,而且有很大的税收筹划空间。企业若能利用纳税人类别选择方案、混合销售业务方案、销售使用过的固定资产方案、兼营项目方案和销售结算方式方案的合理选择开展税收筹划工作 ,必将给企业合理合法地减轻税负 ,增加税后收益带来益处。     

税负转嫁视角下商品税对居民消费影响的实证研究

本文借鉴ELES模型,利用横截面数据对我国不同收入等级的城镇居民八类消费性支出进行了微观模拟,对其需求的价格弹性进行测算。在此基础上,分析了居民在消费支出过程中承担增值税、消费税和营业税的情况,对税负转嫁的方式和力度进行了实证评估。结果发现,我国商品税不具有明显的累退性,商品税“中性”特点显著。但在不同收入阶层之间税收负担份额是不同的,居民税收负担与商品税征税范围、税率等要素高度相关。基于此,提出要逐步降低商品税比重、进一步扩大“营改增”范围、完善消费税功能、以及将价内税改为价外税等政策建议。     

Trade openness,tax reform and tax revenue in developing countries

This article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance (measured by tax revenue‐to‐GDP ratio) depends on the degree of trade openness of these countries. The analysis has used an unbalanced panel data set of 95 developing countries over the period 1981–2015 and the two‐system GMM approach. Results suggest that tax reform is positively and significantly associated with tax revenue performance in developing countries, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as countries experience a higher development level. Additionally, and more importantly, countries that further open up their economies to international trade enjoy a higher positive effect of tax reform on tax revenue than countries that experience a lower degree of trade openness. Therefore, these findings should help dissipate the concerns of policymakers in developing countries that greater openness to international trade would further erode their tax revenue, including by lowering their international trade tax revenue. In fact, the implementation of an appropriate tax reform in the context of greater trade openness would generate higher tax revenue, while concurrently allowing countries to reap the well‐known benefits of international trade.     

Why do countries combine the exemption system for the taxation of foreign profits with domestic double taxation relief?

Many European countries exempt foreign profits from domestic corporate taxation. At the shareholder level, however, all corporate profits are taxed, and double taxation relief is granted only for domestic corporate taxes. This paper attempts to rationalize this tax policy. In the presence of double taxation agreements which exempt foreign profits from domestic corporate taxation, countries may use shareholder taxes to tax these profits. The disadvantage of shareholder taxes is that they create incentives to sell domestic firms to foreigners. But double taxation relief for domestic profits may preserve domestic ownership. Our results imply that national dividend tax policies may be a factor contributing to the empirically observed home bias in investment.     

转移定价条件下各省区间税收合作的损益分析

由国内各省区间税收竞争导致的非合作均衡,会造成贸易和税收收入水平下降,引起双重征税或漏征税.而省区间税收合作则会增加区域税收总收入,减少双重征税或恶意避税,提高区域内贸易总量.同时,在实施"单边转移支付"的条件下,区域间税收合作也能够增加各自省份的税收总量.上述结论同样适应于国际税收合作的讨论和分析.     

惠农税收政策及其完善

当前所执行的惠农税收政策中,生产资料间接税免税不彻底,农产品流通环节间接税抑制生产发展;在促进农产品深加工和农业产业化方面的税收政策缺失;扶持农民专业合作社的税收优惠政策不完善,税收优惠形式单一。我国应进一步完善农业生产资料税收优惠,降低农业成本;鼓励以农副产品为原材料的加工业的发展;完善农产品流通环节税收优惠;完善扶持农民专业合作社的税收优惠政策;制定鼓励向农业投资的间接性优惠政策。     

我国出口退税政策的贸易与经济效应研究——基于局部均衡模型的分析

通过将出口退税政策变量纳入局部均衡COMPAS模型,从产业层面上分析出口退税政策如何影响进出口行业的产出、贸易、收益等经济指标,并利用中国纺织服装品对美国出口贸易的有关数据,实证模拟中国出口退税政策变化对中美两国纺织业的生产、贸易和收入的影响。结果表明:平均而言,出口退税率每提高1个百分点,中国纺织品出口美国的价格将大约下降0.93%,而中国纺织品对美国出口量将增加2.86%左右,全行业收入大约增加1.83%;而美国纺织行业的产出减少1.9%,全行业收入减少2.2%。     

“皮凯蒂税”：世界收入差距趋势研判与我国的政策选择

从“巴菲特税”到斯蒂格利茨“不平等的代价”,从“皮凯蒂税”到2015年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者迪顿因对收入差距问题的关注而获奖,收入差距问题是始终伴随人类社会发展长期存在、无法回避的“痼疾”,具有很强的现实研究价值。本文从《21世纪资本论》的争论分析入手,探讨了对高收入者征收“皮凯蒂税”命题提出的背景及征收的可行性。本文分别对欧洲国家、美国、东亚地区及拉美国家的收入差距状况、社会保障体系的现状与困境进行了分析,探讨了“皮凯蒂税”的现实根源;分析了中国收入差距状况及社会保障体系的情况,认为应实施“包容性增长”的财税政策作为“皮凯蒂税”发挥作用的配套措施。