战略性贸易政策理论的新发展

战略性贸易政策理论是在 2 0世纪 80年代初提出并建立的 ,该理论有两个基本模型 ,即第三国市场模型和相互倾销模型。其基本结论认为 :政府可以通过一定的干预政策改变本国厂商与外国厂商之间的博弈关系 ,使博弈的结果有利于本国厂商 ,进而提高国民福利。这便为政府的贸易干预提供了新的理论基础 ,引起了政界、学界的极大关注 ,出现了大量的研究文献。本文旨在较完整地概括该理论近 2 0年的发展 ,特别着重于最新的研究成果 ,以供贸易政策研究者参考 ,把握当今贸易政策研究的理论前沿。     

浅议战略性贸易政策在我国的适用性

战略性贸易政策是以规模经济和产品差别化为基础的不完全竞争模型。通过对该贸易政策理论基本内容、实施中所需的条件的阐述,为战略性贸易政策在我国的适用性进行判断。并结合中国现有的市场经济体制、市场结构、产业结构和政府的行为素质,对战略性贸易政策在中国实施的政治经济条件进行分析,判断战略性贸易政策在中国特定行业的可行性。     

Managerial incentives and the international organization of production

We develop a model in which the heterogeneous firms in an industry choose their modes of organization and the location of their subsidiaries or suppliers. We assume that the principals of a firm are constrained in the nature of the contracts they can write with suppliers or employees. Our main result concerns the sorting of firms with different productivity levels into different organizational forms. We use the model to examine the implications of falling trade costs for the relevant prevalence of outsourcing and foreign direct investment (FDI).     

Quality wars in the North

This paper investigates two stylised facts about quality wars between Northern firms and a Southern copycat firm in the North. First, due to low wage, a foreign or Southern copycat firm may enter the market of a developed economy inhabited by a high‐quality firm and a low‐quality domestic copycat. When the products of the high‐quality firm and the foreign copycat are vertically differentiated, the foreign copycat firm may choose an intermediate quality between the quality levels of domestic high‐ and low‐quality firms. In the second scenario where the products of the high‐quality firm and the foreign copycat are horizontally differentiated, the quality of the foreign copycat may surpass that of the domestic high‐quality firm. As the wage gap between the developed and developing countries widens, the foreign copycat is more likely to survive in the markets of developed economies.     

国内市场效应理论:主要论题及近期拓展

国内市场效应理论（HME理论）是新贸易理论最重要的组成部分之一,这一理论将规模经济作为内生变量,认为一国特定产品的国内市场需求规模是其出口贸易的决定因素。文章就这一理论最近的发展进行了系统的考察。研究显示,HME理论基于规模收益递增、不完全竞争的市场结构以及正的贸易成本这三个核心假定之上,近十年以来,无论是理论拓展,还是实证研究,大多围绕对这三个假定条件的修改展开。迄今为止,绝大多数研究支持了这一理论最初的核心推论,少数与其相悖的实证结论则源自对假定条件的修改。     

A Structural Model for Evaluating the Sector-specific Impacts of Preferential Trade Agreements

This paper develops and estimates a structural model of imperfect competition in international markets. The model incorporates a flexible non-linear demand framework with structural price equations. A general Conjectural Variation approach is developed to characterize strategic interaction. This allows the simultaneous evaluation of the sector-specific terms of trade effects of a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA), and the extent of international competition in the sector under consideration. The model is then used to evaluate the impact of the Lebanese–Egyptian PTA on the iron and steel import sector in Lebanon. Results confirm the need for a structural approach in the empirical assessment of PTAs.

Trade liberalization, outsourcing, and the hold-up problem

This paper shows that, in a bilateral relationship where a foreign supplier has to make a relationship-specific investment but cannot enforce a complete contract, the standard hold-up problem of underinvestment is aggravated when trade incurs a tariff. In this context, we identify two new channels through which trade liberalization enhances international trade. First, lower tariffs increase the incentives of foreign suppliers to undertake cost-reducing investments. Second, lower tariffs may prompt vertical multinational integration. These indirect effects imply that responses of trade volumes to trade liberalization are greater than standard trade models suggest and help explain current trends toward foreign outsourcing and intra-firm trade.     

Patent Protection, Transnational Corporations, and Market Structure: A Simulation Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

This study examines the role of patent protection on the behavior of transnational corporations and market structure in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The method of analysis is the calibration of a theoretical model to firm-level data from two therapeutic groups of the Indian pharmacy market, and a simulation analysis asking the hypothetical question of what the market structure would be if India granted patent protection to pharmaceutical products. The model developed for the simulation analysis explicitly accounts for the complex demand structure for pharmaceutical goods that results from the presence of therapeutic substitute drugs, and product differentiation among chemically equivalent drugs.     

跨国公司国际贸易与国际直接投资的协调与选择

国际直接投资和国际贸易是跨国公司参与国际市场活动的主要方式。国际直接投资和国际贸易既存在互替效应也存在互补效应。在一个不完全竞争市场上,跨国公司在其国际化生产经营活动过程中,如何选择和协调其生产活动,是选择出口贸易,还是选择国际直接投资,它要考虑的因素是多方面的,也是动态的,体现一种综合的协调和选择效应。     

跨国公司内部竞合的决定因素剖析

随着子公司对资源以及知识共享程度、价值链合理化程度、共同功能整合程度等的提高,无论是以双边还是多边的方式,外国子公司之间的合作性越来越强,目的是为了追逐协同效应;与此同时,它们还为了争夺母公司的资源、公司支持、系统定位以及市场扩张而进行竞争.这种跨国公司内部的"竞合"现象的出现也进一步表明了国际市场竞争的加剧,而影响跨国公司内部竞合关系的因素很多.随着跨国公司的进一步发展,对跨国公司内部子公司间的竞合会表现出越来越复杂的形式.     

贸易增长二元边际的演化与检验:一个文献综述

二元边际研究是源于微观经济学的结构性分解方法,将该方法用于国际贸易分析,对贸易流量进行集约边际与扩展边际上的分解,有助于深刻理解贸易变化的内在结构、决定机制、各种影响因素及福利效果,从而可以为现实贸易政策的制定提供依据和指导。文章从理论根源、概念提出与发展、二元边际的决定因素以及二元边际的实证检验四个方面综述代表性文献,指出该领域的研究重点、难点、研究前沿以及不足。     

产品内贸易、市场结构与福利效应:跨国公司海外扩张模式的解读

本文旨在通过构建一个包含中间品市场和最终品市场在内的产品内贸易模型,考察差异化市场结构对跨国公司选择垂直FDI和外包两种海外扩张模式的影响。研究结果表明,在上、下游市场之间存在某种传导机制的情况下,一体式非完全专业化的生产方式与产品内分工贸易的规模负相关,不断增加的最终品市场的垄断强度,不仅会导致跨国公司内部所有生产要素的福利水平遭受不同程度的损失,还会进一步缩小产品内贸易的规模。     

Firm Clustering and Specialization: A Study of Taiwan’s Machine Tool Industry

This study investigates links between firm clustering and firm specialization. The paper argues that firms located in multi-centered, locally owned industrial districts are likely to be relatively specialized. Based on data from 163 companies in Taiwan’s machine tool industry, this study finds support for a positive association between location in a multi-centered, locally owned industrial district and firm specialization.      

国际市场进入模式选择与企业异质性：一个文献综述

生产率差异是决定企业国际市场进入模式选择的重要因素。本文通过梳理近年来异质性企业贸易与投资文献,阐释了企业如何在贸易、水平型FDI、垂直型FDI和复合型FDI之间进行选择以及选择FDI的企业会采取何种进入方式的问题。现有的异质性企业贸易与投资模型较好地解释了发达国家的经验事实,但在企业异质性的来源、消费者需求结构以及发展中国家的市场扭曲等方面,异质性企业贸易和投资模型仍需进一步深入研究。     

Multinational activity of European firms and heterogeneity

This paper offers an empirical assessment of the multinational activity of European firms. It takes the predictions of models of firm heterogeneity and FDI activity as a reference to explore the characteristics of multinational firms from 30 European countries. We use a data set, based on ORBIS, which links information of parent–affiliate pairs of firms. Our results show that more productive firms have greater multinational activity in terms of both scope, the number of foreign markets where they invest, and scale, the volume of local sales by subsidiaries active in foreign markets. The estimation of gravity equations shows that country characteristics that encourage multinational activity successively induce the entry of less productive parent firms. We confirm this asymmetry for the GDPs of the home and host countries, distance, contiguity and other standard gravity equation variables.     

贸易自由化视角下新新贸易理论的再审视

新新贸易理论是以企业异质性、不完全竞争和规模经济为特征的国际贸易理论。文章首先从三个方面梳理以往贸易理论对现实的解释力,之后将贸易自由化对新新贸易理论影响的相关文献进行整理发现:通过跨企业的再分配效应,贸易自由化在提高总生产率方面发挥了重要作用,在新新贸易理论的发展中占有重要位置,最后提出新新贸易理论未来可能的发展方向。