预算外收入纳入政府收入分类体系现实约束分析

我国将于2007年全面实施政府收支分类改革,重构与市场经济体制相适应的预算管理收支科目分类。在收入分类中一项重要的改革就是将预算外收入列归非税收入纳入预算管理。但这种纳入只是技术层面的,实际中还存在如下问题:一是预算外收入规模庞大已成为地方政府重要财源,将其纳入预算管理限制了地方财力支配权;二是预算外收入纳入预算管理受到部门既得利益的约束;三是预算外收入项目的审批管理不尽合理。通过分析,对财政体制、立法、管理、激励机制等方面提出借政府收支分类改革的契机推动预算外收入纳入预算管理的政策建议。     

The asymmetric effects of tariffs on intra-firm trade and offshoring decisions

This paper studies the effects of tariffs on intra-firm trade. Building on the Antràs and Helpman (2004) North–South theoretical framework, I show that higher Northern tariffs reduce the incentives for outsourcing and offshoring, while higher Southern tariffs have the opposite effects. I also show that increased offshoring and outsourcing imply a decrease in the ratio of Northern intra-firm imports to total imports, an empirically testable prediction. Using a highly disaggregated dataset of U.S. (the North) imports and relevant U.S. and foreign tariffs, I find robust evidence to support the model's predictions.     

The impact of trade facilitation on poverty and inequality: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries

This paper using a trade model of imperfect competition and product differentiation, examines the welfare effects of two popular tariff-tax reforms: (i) a tariff cut combined with an equal increase in the consumption tax and (ii) a tariff cut combined with an increase in the consumption tax that leaves the consumer price of the imported good unchanged. It is shown that if tax revenues are lump-sum distributed and firms compete over prices, then coordinated tariff-tax reforms improve welfare for a low degree of product differentiation, whereas these reforms are welfare-reducing for any degree of product differentiation under Cournot competition. When, instead, revenues are used to finance the provision of public goods, then the total effect of these reforms on welfare depends, under plausible assumptions, on the strength of the consumer's valuation of the public good.     

Islamic economics and a third fundamental theorem of welfare economics

The discipline of economics started as a moral science but became detached from moral concerns over time to emulate natural science and to adopt positivism. Consequently, mainstream economics assumes people to be sordidly selfish. The teachings of Islam, however, promote social preferences where individuals should be other‐regarding and have preferences over social outcomes. This paper replaces the selfish agent with a social agent and presents the results in a theorem referred to as the third fundamental theorem of welfare economics (TFTWE). The TFTWE states that “when the selfish agents are replaced with the social agents, market outcomes are Pareto optimal, equitable, and unique”. This is an important result which has widespread implications. We show that the TFTWE holds under conditions where the first two fundamental theorems of welfare economics fail and that a Walrasian equilibrium is more likely to exist when selfish preferences are non‐convex. Unlike the popular convention, there is no equity‐efficiency trade‐off. In fact we point to the possibility of reversal in equity‐efficiency trade‐off.     

增值税改革的负效应及其对策研究——以江苏省为例

在我国进行增值税改革试点的背景下,本文以江苏省的实际情况为例,分析了增值税改革对财政收入、投资和就业等方面可能产生的负效应,认为增值税改革短期内会导致财政收入减少,引发投资需求过旺,增加劳动就业的压力。文章提出,增值税转型改革应分步实施,以减轻财政压力,控制过度投资;慎重对待增值税征税范围的扩大,降低财政对增值税的依赖;规范增值税的税收优惠,积极推行配套改革,完善分税制管理体制,适当扩大地方税权;加强税收征管,缓解增值税转型的财政压力。     

A comparison of Hausman's and Breslaw–Smith's methods in estimating consumer welfare loss because of fuel taxes

In this paper, we investigate the welfare effect of US gasoline consumption caused by fuel taxes. Using two different economics approaches – the Hausman method and the Breslaw and Smith method – in measuring consumer welfare loss, we calculate compensating variation (CV) and the corresponding dead weight loss (DWL) assuming there are changes in motor gasoline tax. Our analysis shows that tax revenue, CV and DWL increases as motor gasoline tax increases, but the social welfare loss measured in DWL increases far more rapidly than the other two.     

The welfare effects of business-cycle-induced immigration

Despite the fact that migration flows have always been closely related to business cycles, the effects of immigration are typically analysed in models without economic fluctuations. In this paper, we find that the welfare consequences of business-cycle-induced immigration are very different from the consequences of permanent immigration in a static economy. Specifically, the welfare effects depend crucially on (1) the return rate of immigrants in downturns and (2) the costs of recruiting immigrants. This has important consequences for the optimal design of temporary immigration programmes to deal with labour shortages.     

The welfare and employment effects of trade and factor taxes with variable factor supply

This paper develops a general trade model with many traded goods, many internationally mobile factors, and with endogenous labor supply. Within this framework, the employment and welfare effects of taxes on trade, on wages and on the returns of the internationally mobile factors are examined. The employment maximizing and the first- and second-best tax structures are determined. The analysis identifies the conditions under which variable labor supply increases the welfare cost of a trade and a capital tax, and demonstrates the need for joint determination of taxes on trade and on the returns of factors in variable domestic supply.     

How and how far to liberalize a developing economy with informal sector and factor market distortions

Whether a liberalizing developing economy should implement the entire WTO-prescribed package, and to what extent this is expedient, are two important questions, especially because the available empirical evidence suggests that developing countries have been facing substantial adjustment costs in their endeavour to implement trade and investment reform. The present paper makes a humble effort to provide answers to the above questions in terms of a three-sector general equilibrium model with informal sectors. Welfare implications of three liberalization policies: inflow of foreign capital, tariff reduction and labour market reform, have first been analysed in a full-employment framework. Later, the paper has been extended into a Harris?–?Todaro framework with an urban informal sector and capital market distortion. We have shown that welfare consequences of a tariff reform and/or a policy of deregulating the labour market crucially depend on the presence and magnitude of foreign capital in the economy. It is argued here that unless a proper choice among different prescribed policies, compatible with the internal institutional, technological and trade-related characteristics, is made, drastic implementation of reform measures may produce counterproductive results for the welfare of the relevant country.     

我国建筑服务业营改增税制设计研究

一直以来,建筑业纳入试点范围就是众多学者关注和讨论的焦点,营改增在该行业能否顺利进行,会产生什么样的困难,怎样才能更加有利于建筑业健康持续发展成为亟待分析和解决的问题。本文以建筑行业现状为出发点,分析建筑业营改增的必要性及税制设计过程中的难点,进而对建筑业增值税税制进行合理而全面的设计,为营改增扩容到建筑行业提供一定的参考。     

信息化带动政府现代化——我国政府应对WTO挑战的良策

随着中国的加入WTO,风险与机遇迎面而来,对于中国政府的压力也骤然增加。面对WTO,迫切需要政府改革计划经济体制中的种种弊端,迎接挑战。由此从信息化的角度阐述了推行电子政务、建立电子政府与实施政府业务流程再造对于政府改革的推动作用,说明了信息化带动政府现代化将是政府改革的必由之路。     

The effects of trade taxes in a two-sector model of capital accumulation

In this paper, the effects of increases in trade taxes on the steady-state values of consumption and the capital stock per worker are examined in an economy which faces variable terms of trade and where the price-taking consumer intertemporally maximizes utility. In addition, the optimal trade tax for such an economy is derived.     

Welfare and market-access effects of piecemeal tariff reforms on environmentally preferable products

We examine how welfare and market access are affected by piecemeal tariff reforms on environmentally preferable products (EPP) in a small open economy. We define EPP as clean goods that, when consumed, have no impact on pollution. First, we show that a uniform reduction of all tariffs improves welfare if a country’s imports consist only of clean goods. If a clean good is a net substitute for all other goods in excess demand, then reducing the highest tariff on the clean good improves welfare. Second, we show that a proportional tariff reduction leading to a welfare improvement also increases the value of imports if all tariffs are set at the same ad valorem rates. If the clean good is a net substitute for all other goods in excess demand, then reducing the lowest tariff on the clean good increases the value of imports. Finally, we explore the link between the change in welfare and the change in the value of imports in response to the tariff reforms, and we show that unlike a proportional tariff reduction, a tariff reduction on the clean good does not necessarily lead to improvements in both welfare and market access.     

当前我国养老福利机构改革存在的问题与对策——以徐州市FH福利院为例

当前，我国改制后的民营性福利机构的管理模式和运作机制已逐渐步入正轨，取得了显著成果，但仍存在很多问题。在对徐州FH福利院进行深入调查的基础上，提出了完善我国养老福利机构改革的具体路径：提高人员素质，关注老人心理；引入现代机制，完善绩效管理；多方筹集资金，完善监督机制；深入市场调查，完善养老结构；树立组织文化，强化品牌意识。     

政府间转移支付:国际经验借鉴与启示

我国政府间转移支付滞后于社会和经济发展的需要,使其效果深受影响.科学的政府间转移支付制度是市场经济体制具备完善性的必要条件.目前,在完善的市场经济体制国家中,已形成了构建政府间转移支付的一般作法.其中,具有代表性的国家为美国、德国与日本.总结这三个国家所积累的经验,比较我国政府间转移支付的现状,对增强我国政府间转移支付的科学性具有重要启示,从而有利于我国市场经济体制的完善与和谐社会的构建.     

The employment effects of tariffs under a free exchange rate regime: A monetary approach

This paper develops a ‘monetary’ approach for the analysis of tariff policy under a free (flexible) exchange rate regime. The paper concludes that the imposition of a tariff unambiguously causes a deterioration in the level of employment under free rates even without a Laursen-Metzler effect on saving.     

房产税对房价的影响分析

近几年来,随着国民经济的平稳较快发展,我国房价呈现出急剧上涨的趋势.针对这种情况,我们对如何遏制房价过快上涨进行了较深层次的探讨.本文首先分析了目前房价存在的主要问题,并给出房产税的定义及其作用,最后就如何充分发挥房产税对房价进行调控提出了几点建议.     

黑龙江省税收流失测算

税收流失不仅严重影响到国家财政收入的规模,而且在税收流失的过程中产生的一系列不良的经济效应,会逐渐渗透到经济发展的各方面。黑龙江省国有经济比重大,税收流失的内在机理、形式以及影响都有其自身的特点,其税收规模与经济增长呈正相关,税收流失规模低于全国水平,但其流失规模有增加的趋势。应规范政府职能,在一定时期内捋清税费关系,减轻纳税人的额外负担。抓住时机进行税制改革,使纳税人税收负担趋于合理。进一步完善征收管理法,加大对偷逃税款的惩罚力度,提高纳税人违法成本。     

Using survey data to assess the distributional effects of trade policy

This paper develops a method to estimate the general equilibrium distributional effects of trade policies using household survey data. Trade reforms cause the domestic prices of traded goods to change and this, in turn, triggers a series of general equilibrium effects. Among these, I estimate the impacts of trade on the prices of traded goods, non-traded goods, and wages. By combining the estimates of the consumption impacts and the labor income impacts, I am able to assess how trade policies affect households across the entire range of the income distribution. An application of the procedure to the study of the distributional effects of Mercosur shows that the average poor and middle-income family in Argentina has benefited from the trade agreement.     

Welfare versus market access: The implications of tariff structure for tariff reform

We show that the effects of tariff changes on welfare and import volume are fully characterised by their effects on the generalised mean and variance of the tariff distribution, implying two “cones of liberalisation” in commodity price space. Because welfare is negatively but import volume positively related to the generalised variance, the cones do not intersect, which poses a policy dilemma. We present a new radial tariff reform rule, which implies new results for welfare- and market-access-improving tariff changes. Finally, we show that generalised and trade-weighted moments are mutually proportional when the trade expenditure function is CES.