基于 APEC的贸易便利化测评及对我国出口影响的实证分析

本文根据全球竞争力报告等多种商业调查数据,对多个国家的贸易便利化水平进行了测算和排序,运用引力模型定量分析了贸易便利化水平对我国贸易出口量的影响,确认我国贸易便利化水平为一般便利,发现贸易的便利化比关税减让更能促进一国出口量的增长,指出各国贸易便利化改革主要以达到贸易量增长为目标,并对我国贸易便利化改革提出了对策建议。     

In Search of Optimised Regional Trade Agreements and Applications to East Asia

We quantitatively analyse the trade effects of enhanced trade facilitation with extended gravity equations. Our findings confirm that RTAs comprised of countries equipped with better trade facilitation are more likely to be trade‐creating, less likely to be trade‐diverting, and are thus more likely to lead the world economy toward global free trade. We also find that (i) the traditional gains from shallow integration through eliminating tariff barriers will be greater for South‐South RTAs in East Asia such as an ASEAN‐China RTA, provided that the tariff‐reducing schedule is strictly fulfilled, (ii) the gains from deeper integration through enhancing trade facilitation will be greater for North‐North RTAs in East Asia such as a Japan‐Korea RTA, and (iii) the gains from a combined trade liberalisation strategy through tariff reductions and enhanced trade facilitation will be greater for North‐South RTAs in East Asia such as a China‐Korea and an ASEAN+3 RTA.     

贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响

本文采用中国海关数据库和OECD编制的TFIs指数,从出口企业-目的地层面分析了出口目的地贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响。研究显示:目的地贸易便利化的提升对中国企业出口额增长有显著的促进作用,但企业的出口增长是通过缩小出口产品种类数(扩展边际)、扩大产品平均出口额(集约边际)实现的。拓展分析表明:随着目的地贸易便利化水平的提升,小企业和加工贸易企业会更多地缩小出口产品种类;低收入经济体贸易便利化提升对中国企业出口扩展边际的消极影响更大。据此,企业应专业化、规模化地生产有比较优势的产品,不断提升自身生产率,积极应对贸易便利化带来的机遇和挑战。     

贸易便利化对企业出口国内附加值率的影响——来自中国制造业企业的证据

在构建贸易便利化影响企业附加值贸易的理论框架基础上，文章采用中国制造业企业微观数据，实证检验了贸易便利化对企业出口国内附加值率（DVAR）的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：无论是采用贸易便利化综合指数，还是贸易便利化分领域指标，推进贸易便利化会显著提高企业出口DVAR。同时，相对于中西部企业、中低技术行业企业和本土企业而言，贸易便利化对东部企业、高技术行业企业和外资企业出口DVAR的促进作用更大。进一步机制检验发现，贸易便利化的相对价格渠道降低了企业出口DVAR，但通过成本加成渠道提高了企业出口DVAR，贸易便利化总体上对企业出口DVAR的净效应为正。上述结论意味着，推进贸易便利化改革对于提高企业出口DVAR和出口竞争力具有重要的现实意义。     

贸易便利化、中间品进口与企业出口增加值

本文将中国工业企业数据库和中国海关贸易数据库相匹配,采用双受限Tobit模型检验了贸易便利化如何通过中间品进口提升企业出口增加值。研究发现,贸易便利化对企业出口增加值存在显著的正向促进作用,其机制主要是通过中间品进口种类增加产生的技术溢出效应、中间品进口成本下降产生的成本节约效应、上游中间品进口产生的竞争效应等实现的。进一步研究发现,贸易便利化对企业出口增加值的影响存在异质性,表现为非国有企业、一般贸易企业和资本密集型企业受到的影响更大。本文认为,应该加强基础设施建设,营造良好的制度环境,积极推进贸易便利化,扩大进口中间品种类,降低进口中间品价格,抑制上游中间品企业垄断,从而提高企业出口增加值,实现开放型经济高质量发展。     

贸易便利化、国际生产分割与出口价值构成

贸易便利化降低生产分割与贸易成本,促进国家之间的生产分工与贸易,同时改变了出口的价值构成。文章分析了贸易便利化影响国际生产分割和出口价值构成的理论机制,并在双边产业层面实证检验了贸易便利化对出口价值构成的影响,主要结论有:贸易便利化对出口本国附加值率的基本影响为负;当贸易便利化水平提高到一定程度,过度外包的生产环节回流,即贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响存在"U"型效应;贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响在不同国家、不同产业贸易中存在明显的异质性;贸易便利化可以通过影响国际生产分割的参与度和参与位置影响出口价值构成。     

Assessing the Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Global Perspective

This paper estimates the relationship between trade facilitation and trade flows using a panel of disaggregated manufactured goods for the 2000–2001 period for 75 countries. Four categories of trade facilitation are defined, measured and assessed for their impact on bilateral trade flows using a gravity model. The four measures of trade facilitation are: port infrastructure (air and maritime), customs environment, regulatory environments and e‐business infrastructure. The results suggest that raising global capacity halfway to the world average in the four areas would increase trade by $377 billion. Most regions of the world increase exports more than imports. In large part, this result stems from increased exports to OECD markets that is obtained through a country's own effort to improve ports, customs, regulations and services infrastructures. In addition, the results suggest that reform and capacity building in trade facilitation in areas related to GATT Articles V, VIII and X that are under discussion at the World Trade Organisation could expand trade and exports significantly. Many of the reform measures necessary to achieve this goal need not necessarily require large‐scale investment projects, but rather action in legal and administrative reform to facilitate trade.     

中国新疆与周边国家边境贸易便利化水平研究

贸易便利化已经成为当前世界各国及国际组织普遍关注的热点问题。本文以中国新疆边境贸易为研究对象,通过选取反映边境贸易便利化发展的14个指标,构建评价边境贸易便利化的指标体系,运用综合评价分析法,测算中国新疆与周边国家边境贸易便利化水平。研究结果表明:中国新疆的边境贸易便利化水平相对最高,其次是哈萨克斯坦,吉尔吉斯斯坦的边境贸易便利化水平最低;中国新疆除了铁路口岸设施质量、互联网使用人数的便利化水平值低于俄罗斯,其余的测评指标便利化水平值均高于周边国家,但指标整体的便利化水平值相差不大,且水平值很低,整体的边境贸易环境仍需改善。     

基于发达国家海关实践经验视角下的促进我国海关贸易便利化水平研究

海关与跨境制度是贸易便利化问题的核心,海关在促进国际贸易便利化水平中发挥着重要作用。本文重点研究了美国和新加坡海关实施贸易便利化的特征,针对我国海关贸易便利化的实践进行对比分析,提出我国海关应当在"贸易便利与贸易安全平衡发展"的指导思想下,进一步提升贸易便利化水平、推动海关与商界的合作伙伴关系以及加强国际海关合作,务实推进贸易便利化发展。     

贸易便利化测评体系及对我国出口的影响

文章基于层次分析法（AHP）来构建贸易便利化综合评价指标体系,对一国贸易便利化水平进行量化。在此基础上,通过贸易引力模型对贸易便利化与我国出口贸易额之间的关系进行实证研究,得出我国贸易便利化总体水平偏低,贸易伙伴国的贸易便利化水平是影响我国与其双边贸易额的重要因素。提高贸易便利化水平促进我国对外贸易的发展,需要从促进全球贸易便利化水平、积极参与并推进贸易便利化谈判、加强贸易便利化国际合作三个方面着手。     

贸易便利化能否提升中国企业产能利用率——来自“一带一路”沿线国家的证据

贸易便利化环境的改善为企业提升产能利用率带来了新契机。文章通过构建贸易便利化对产能利用率的理论框架,采用中国企业层面数据,检验“一带一路”沿线国家贸易便利化对产能利用率的微观影响。结果表明：沿线国家贸易便利化显著提升了中国制造业企业产能利用率;从贸易便利化类别来看,沿线国家口岸及物流效率对企业产能利用率的效应最大,其次为规制环境、金融及电子商务、海关及边境管理;从企业所属行业、所在地区与出口决策来看,沿线国家贸易便利化对进口中间品高依赖度企业、内陆地区企业及非出口企业的产能利用率效应更大;沿线国家贸易便利化产生的出口扩张效应、中间品进口替代效应、生产率改进效应是提升企业产能利用率的重要渠道。     

贸易便利化视角下的知识产权边境执法——兼对《反假冒贸易协定》的评论

若干发达国家于2010年10月正式公布了此前一直秘密谈判的《反假冒贸易协定》,旨在进一步加强知识产权的执法体系。于此同时,随着关税壁垒的大幅削减以及各国对国际货物贸易增长的进一步需求,贸易便利化成为各级贸易规则谈判的重要议题。在这样的背景下,贸易便利化与知识产权边境执法之间的相互关系和相互影响问题日渐凸显。本文尝试从贸易便利化的视角来考察知识产权边境执法体系,在概述了《反假冒贸易协定》的边境执法规则后,进一步分析了这套规则对贸易便利化的影响。在此基础上,本文着重讨论了中国应如何在促进贸易便利化和保护知识产权的双向维度下确立恰当的知识产权边境执法体系,并提出了具体的建议。     

国际贸易便利化发展进程新特征分析

当前,国际贸易便利化问题并不仅仅为WTO或WCO等传统贸易组织所关注,其迅速发展的进程已在全球的每一个角落全面铺开,并表现出制定主体分散化,规则制定不断的专业化、软法化、巴尔干化、技术化等10项特征。这些新特征中昭示着贸易便利化进程虽然将在保护主义的丛林中艰难行进,但并不会停下它的脚步。     

Impact of Trade Facilitation on Parts and Components Trade

This article utilizes data from seventy-seven countries over the period 2004–07 in a gravity trade model to examine the impact of four dimensions of trade facilitation—physical infrastructure, information and communication technology, business environment, and border efficiency—on parts and components and final goods trade for the machinery and transport equipment sector. The results show that the effect of importers’ overall trade facilitation measures is stronger for promoting parts and components than for final goods trade. Among the four dimensions, border efficiency has the largest impact on trade flows for this sector, and the effect of exporter and particularly importers’ border efficiency is important for parts and components, as compared to final goods trade.     

东盟贸易便利化对中国制造业产品出口影响的实证分析

本文运用机场基础设施质量、海关程序负担和贸易壁垒普遍度三个指标衡量了贸易便利化程度,并应用国际贸易引力模型实证分析了东盟贸易便利化措施对中国-东盟区域制造业产品出口的影响。实证研究结果表明:东盟机场基础设施质量的改善对中国-东盟区域制造业产品出口有显著的影响。东盟机场基础设施质量等级每提升1%,区域制造业产品出口将增加1.48%。而海关程序负担和贸易壁垒普遍度的改善对中国-东盟区域制造业产品出口的影响不显著。在此基础上,本文设计了两个模拟方案,模拟分析了东盟贸易便利化程度的加深对中国制造业产品出口的影响程度。结果表明:如果东盟每个国家机场基础设施质量都提升到区域平均水平(5.2),则中国制造业产品出口额将提高39.34%。如果东盟每个国家机场基础设施质量等级提升到区域最高水平(6.9),则中国制造业产品对东盟出口额将增长70.95%。     

What is at Stake in the Doha Round?

In this study the key elements of the WTO Doha Round are simulated and the main implications for international trade and national income are analysed. Based on negotiation information, three scenarios are designed. All scenarios encompass goods, services and agricultural liberalisation as well as trade facilitation. For goods liberalisation, a so‐called Swiss formula is used to cut bound tariff rates. Agricultural tariffs are cut according to a tiered linear formula. Attention has been given to the modelling of trade facilitation. Indirect as well as direct trade transaction costs are modelled. For simulation of the services liberalisation quantitative estimates of indirect trade barriers are used. The simulation results show that all regions in the aggregation gain in the simulated Doha scenarios, with a particularly strong result for developing countries. A conservative estimate is that global income increases with 0.2–0.7 per cent of initial GDP, depending on the level of liberalisation. Trade facilitation contributes the most to these results, with increased market access for non‐agricultural goods coming in second place. Overall, simulations indicate the importance of countries’ own liberalisation for their national income gains, and the importance of a broad‐based round.     

绥芬河自贸片区贸易便利化实践研究

本文介绍了绥芬河自贸区开辟铁路互贸交易点、赋予农村农业合作社开展互市贸易经营权、拓展互贸商品进口准入国范围、创新俄籍自然人从事互贸业务规范化管理模式、培育互市贸易新业态新模式、金融外汇结算等制度创新的主要做法和实践效果,提出了贸易便利化要找准政策切入点、因时制宜、助力特色产业优化升级、加强内外联动、引领投资便利化、优化金融服务、注意防范风险等对策建议。     

贸易便利化提高的国际经贸影响研究——基于“一带一路”六大经济走廊的实证分析

基于GTAP模型以六大经济走廊建设为例分析了"一带一路"倡议下提高贸易便利化的国际经贸影响。研究发现:一是"一带一路"六大经济走廊建设增加了贸易便利化提高国家的GDP,走廊沿线国家的GDP增加百分比均大于中国,其中中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊增加百分比最多;二是"一带一路"六大经济走廊建设对中国和走廊沿线国家均有福利改善作用,改善大小几乎相同,其中中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊福利增加最大;三是"一带一路"六大经济走廊建设增加了贸易便利化提高国家的出口总量,除了新亚欧大陆桥经济走廊之外,其他经济走廊沿线国家的出口总量增加百分比显著高于中国。     

长江内支线口岸开展贸易便利化测评的实践和思考

根据长江内支线口岸实际,参考世界海关组织货物放行时间测算指南和世界银行跨境贸易营商环境评价方法,连续两年对长江某内支线口岸开展贸易便利化测评实证研究,并与世界银行的评价结果进行对比分析,提出在长江内支线口岸开展贸易便利化测评的对策建议。     

Trade Facilitation and Export Diversification

This paper shows that improved trade facilitation can help promote export diversification in developing countries. We find that 10 per cent reductions in the costs of international transport and domestic exporting costs (documentation, inland transport, port and customs charges) are associated with export diversification gains of 4 and 3 per cent, respectively, in a sample of 118 developing countries. Customs costs play a particularly important role in these results. Lower market entry costs can also promote diversification, but the effect is weaker (1 per cent). We also find evidence that trade facilitation has stronger effects on diversification in poorer countries. Our results are highly robust to estimation using alternative dependent and independent variables, different country samples, and alternative econometric techniques. We link these findings to recent advances in trade theory that emphasise firm heterogeneity, and trade growth at the extensive margin.