智力资本会计理论与方法探讨

马克思劳动价值论认为,劳动特别是智力劳动创造企业剩余价值,智力资本所有者有权分享企业净剩余;现代公司治理理论则提出,以所有权激励为特征的智力资本化成为现代企业非常重视的激励手段。对智力的资本化要求在现有财务会计体系下合理计量、核算和报告智力资本,本文对智力资本会计的理论框架和核算方法进行了探讨,提出智力资本计量模式和与传统财务会计既相对独立又融为一体的智力资本核算与报告体系。     

论会计目标的层次性

在“决策有用观”会计目标的指导下,美国财务会计准则委员会制定的财务会计准则离财务会计工作的固有规律越来越远,导致财务造假事件越来越严重,会计的真实性原则(客观性)受到严重挑战,第七号概念框架的颁布使这一现象走到了极端。之所以会出现如此结果,是因为美国财务会计准则委员会以偏概全,依个别代表整体做法的必然结果。文章从会计的本质出发,指出:会计目标应该是分层次性的,“决策有用观”只是在特定经济环境下使用会计信息子系统的目标,它不能代表整个会计信息系统的目标,整个会计信息系统的总目标应该是“四观合一”的目标体系。     

关于在中国上市公司实行雇员股票期权会计的思考

基于委托—代理理论研究的深入,雇员股票期权被作为一种对代理人的长期激励机制,在业界广泛采用,而关于雇员股票期权会计的研究,尚不成熟。从雇员股票会计的定义入手,结合我国新颁布的会计准则,给出了在我国实行雇员股票期权会计的新框架:确认、计量、记录及其报告,以作参考。     

基于XBRL财报的会计信息质量及含量研究

本文在分析XBRL财报优势的基础上,采用IASB/FASB联合概念框架中对会计信息质量的规定,从理论层面分析了XBRL财报对会计信息质量的改善。同时,从实证层面采用事件研究法以兖州煤业为例,对XBRL财报的会计信息含量进行了研究,结果表明XBRL年报披露前后CAR的变化并不显著,XBRL标准对会计信息含量贡献不大。最后,本文给出了导致这种结果的可能原因。     

无形资产会计改进论

本文首先扼要分析了无形资产会计的现状,然后对无形资产会计存在的主要问题及其后果进行了探讨,最后,论述了无形资产会计的改进思路,并分别从确认、计量、报告三个方面着重论述了改进无形资产会计的具体设想。本文认为,在逐步改进无形资产的确认、计量和在财务报表中的列报的同时,不失时机地构建新的辅助信息系统,改进其他财务报告,是较为理想而又现实的改进思路。     

Implementation of accounting reforms

Abstract

Innovations in financial and accounting techniques represent a fundamental aspect of the reforms undergone by public administrations in recent decades. The article presents the results of a survey, conducted on 237 local governments, whose purpose is to assess the implementation of accounting reforms in Italy, aimed at introducing accruals reporting in the traditional budgetary accounting system to enhance accountability and transparency in the overall modernization process. The analysis shows that the importance of cash- and commitment-based accounting in the overall system is overwhelming, whereas the marginality of the ‘new’ accrual-based reporting is evident. In the opinions of preparers, accruals accounting is not seen as a useful tool and the link with internal needs and managerial control systems is absent. Is the time ripe for a new reform?     

公允价值在我国运用的难点及应对策略

经济全球化发展促使公允价值计量在会计界已成为一种国际趋势。随着财务会计概念框架国际趋同进程的不断推进,我国公允价值的运用也呈现出不断扩大的趋势。本文通过公允价值的概念解释,分析公允价值计量在我国运用的必要性及难点,并提出相应的应对策略。     

财务会计概念框架结构国际比较与启示

财务会计概念框架是由目标和相互关联的基本概念组成的连贯的理论体系,具有连贯、协调和内在一致性。内容主要涉及财务报告的目标、财务信息的质量特征、会计要素的划分、会计要素的确认、计量、列报和披露原则等。财务会计概念框架可以评价现有会计准则,指导未来会计准则的制定。本文通过对美国、英国、IASB、澳大利亚、加拿大、韩国、日本及我国的财务会计概念框架进行比较评价,发现各国概念框架体系结构及具体内容的不同,并分析了产生差异的背景原因,以期为我国构建财务会计概念框架提供借鉴参考。     

Regression evidence of safety-net support in Canada and the U.S., 1893–1992

Using annual deviations between the stock market and accounting valuations of major banks, this paper constructs synthetic century-long time series for the intangible safety-net capital generated by reporting and supervisory policies in Canada and the U.S. The credibility of the modeling exercise that produces these synthetic time series is supported by evidence that, in each country, all sustained surges in the value of estimated safety-net capital correlate in appropriate ways with regulatory events and crisis pressures. We invite others to test the qualitative usefulness of our framework by applying the method to data from other countries.     

我国财务会计概念框架的构建与思考

财务会计概念框架作为一个理论结构,必然涉及两方面的问题:逻辑起点和逻辑结构。逻辑起点是整个框架最基本、最普遍、最简单的范畴。它的内容决定了逻辑结构中应该包括的理论要素及各要素的逻辑构成。以此为基础,本文系统探讨了我国财务会计概念框架的构建,包括逻辑起点、财务会计目标、会计信息的质量特征、财务报表的要素、要素的确认与计量、财务报告的列报等问题。     

非营利组织会计概念框架NPOCF构建

本文透视了财务会计框架的起因,界定了其涵义,提出非营利组织构建会计概念框架的意义及其应遵循的原则,构筑了非营利组织会计概念框架的层次及其内容。     

Conformance and Deviance: Company Responses to Institutional Pressures for Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting

This paper analyses how large Danish companies are responding to new governmental regulation which requires them to report on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The paper is based on an analysis of 142 company annual reports required by the new Danish regulation regarding CSR reporting, plus 10 interviews with first‐time reporting companies and six interviews with companies that failed to comply with the new law. It is concluded that coercive pressures from government have an impact on CSR reporting practices. Further, the analysis finds traces of mimetic isomorphism which inspires a homogenisation in CSR reporting practices. Finally, it is argued that non‐conformance with the new regulatory requirements is not solely about conscious resistance but may also be caused by, for example, lack of awareness, resource limitations, misinterpretations, and practical difficulties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Cameral accounting and cash flow reporting: some implications for use of the direct or indirect method

The most thoroughly debated format issue in designing a cash flow statement for a business enterprise concerns use ofthe direct or indirectmethod when reporting cash from operating activities. The article argues that the reason why we cannot solve this dilemma of using the direct or indirect method is related to the fact that our discussion is limited to using the axiom of double-entry bookkeeping within commercial accounting. In this article, however, the discussion of whether to use the direct or indirect method is not limited to commercial double-entry bookkeeping; it is also based upon another accounting framework, specifically designed to deal with cash transactions of governmental organizations: single-entry cameral accounting. The article argues that commercial accounting could learn from cameral accounting, separating cash from non-cash balance sheet changes, and directly prepare a cash flow statement from the single-entries of the cash transactions on the cash account, before they are entered into the double-entry bookkeeping system, to provide a performance result (revenues minus expenses) and related balance sheet information (assets, liabilities and equity). By applying this procedure, the direct method of preparing a cash flow statement becomes the natural method to use.     

Corporate governance crisis down under: Post-Enron accounting education and research inertia

Abstract

Australian and New Zealand accounting academic responses to corporate governance and reporting failures is a story not simply told in the context of high profile international corporate failures such as Enron and WorldCom. This study notes a sequence of major Australian corporate failures that predate Enron and WorldCom. Through research into professional, business and research literature, profession and governmental/regulatory websites, and interviews with senior accounting academics across Australia and New Zealand, it also highlights a tale of limited response by Australian and New Zealand accounting academics and investigates the manifest and latent drivers of this inertia. The corporatisation and commercialisation of universities and related governance processes emerge as root causes of accounting academics' general failure to address recent major breakdowns in corporate governance and reporting in the business world. The paper closes by reviewing opportunities for change in an otherwise embattled environment.     

The Impact of Financial Reporting Regulation on the Market Valuation of Reported Environmental Liabilities: Preliminary Evidence from US and Canadian Public Companies

This study investigates the economic consequences of four financial reporting regulations relating to environmental liability reporting in samples of 170 US and 156 Canadian public companies during the period 1984 to 1997. The study's purpose is to investigate the factors that make financial reporting regulation effective in enhancing the relevance and reliability of accounting information. Prior research provides the theory that financial reporting regulations impose costs on managers and create incentives for them to report accounting information that is relevant and unbiased. This study assesses these regulations' enforceability, which is viewed as arising from the regulator's power to enforce its regulations by sanctions or penalties. It tests whether the relation between market valuation and reported environmental liability accruals changes when the new regulations are enacted, and whether regulation with high enforceability has a more significant impact than regulation with low enforceability. This study uses a residual‐income valuation model to measure the valuation coefficient, or multiplier, on reported environmental liability accruals. Changes in this coefficient are used as indicators of changes in the market's assessment of the value relevance and bias of the reported accounting information. This study provides preliminary evidence indicating that financial reporting regulations issued by the securities market regulator and the accounting profession are associated with changes in the relation between market value and reported environmental liabilities in some cases, and suggests avenues for further international accounting research on the factors involved in financial reporting regulation's impact.     

论信息化背景下新会计准则与XBRL的作用

本文认为,XBRL作为一种在互联网上披露企业财务报告的国际标准和技术,由于其所具有的标准化、与信息系统平台无关等特性,有望通过改变互联网环境下财务报告编制、存储、传递、应用的方式和技术手段,改革传统的财务报告模式,从而成为一种支持会计国际化和财务报告全球化的新的应用模式。新会计准则的实施将加速我国企业的国际化进程,也为XBRL在企业财务报告中的应用提供了一个契机。     

Business Involvement in Accounting: A Case Study of International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption and the Work of Accountants

Abstract

Although Byrne and Pierce [(2007) Towards more comprehensive understanding of the roles of management accountants, European Accounting Review, 16(3), pp. 469–498] found that an increasing regulatory burden may decrease accountants' chances of getting involved in business, little is known about corporate reporting practice and whether, and if yes how, regulation impacts on accountants' work. In order to fill this gap, the paper provides a case study analysis of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption and its impact on and implications for an accountant's role, positions, practices and work in a continental European context. This study describes how IFRS expect information preparers to take more responsibility for reporting than domestic accounting standards. Thus, the present study contributes to the literature by arguing that it depends on the set of accounting standards how they impact on accountants' work. The study shows why and how especially IFRS' requirement of ‘business involvement’ in accounting revolutionises accountants' work and how it has implications on their roles, practices and positions in the case firm. Finally, the paper explains how learning and knowledge creation required by IFRS adoption was made possible through communities of practice and hence how it was possible to clarify the responsibilities of divisional and group accountants in the case firm. Thus, the present study enhances our understanding of reporting activity by describing actual practices of and mechanisms used in corporate reporting.     

浅谈我国财务会计概念框架的构建

财务会计概念框架对会计准则的制定有着重要的指导性作用。文章通过对新会计准则的基本准则进行了分析,就如何构建我国的财务会计概念框架作了探讨。在会计国际化的今天,尽快建立我国的财务会计概念框架已是大势所趋。为了适应客观经济环境的发展变化,会计理论界的专家和学者极力呼吁应构建一个既符合我国国情又与国际财务会计趋同的中国财务会计概念框架。     

论我国公司财务报告目标的重构

财务报告目标是会计的一个基本理论问题。从西方引入我国的财务报告目标——决策有用观与经管责任观并不适合我国公司。本文在概述和评价这两种观点的基础上,运用相关理论从深层次上论述了我国公司财务报告的根本目标应定位为经济资源的有效配置;基本目标应是满足使用者的信息需求。最后构建了我国公司财务报告的目标体系。     

知识转移视角下管理会计变更的关键影响因素分析

管理会计变更,本质上是以知识转移为演退路径的企业管理会计知识的创新。本文提出了知识转移视角下的管理会计变更影响因素分析框架。该框架由四个维度构成：情境特性、知识源组织的知识发送能力、知识接受组织的知识吸收能力和知识特性。根据该框架和相关研究文献分析了变更的关键影响要素,并阐述了各关键影响要素和变更间所存在的四种关系。