China's impact on South African trade and inflation

There has been much controversy about the impact of Chinese growth on the rest of the world. It is generally accepted that China has a dampening effect on global inflation through the supply of cheap products. On the other hand, imports from China could displace domestic production and hence have adverse effects on economic growth and employment. Thus, the question of whether a country benefits from trading with China is a country-specific issue. The results in this paper indicate that limited short-term costs have resulted from the strengthening of trade relations between South Africa and China. As far as inflation is concerned, the paper does not find convincing empirical evidence at the aggregate level for inflation in China leading to domestic price changes. At the disaggregate level, however, there appear to be stronger sector-specific linkages between prices in China and South Africa.     

全球绿色贸易壁垒与我国对外贸易发展对策

绿色贸易壁垒越来越发展成为非关税壁垒的主要形式，并成为新的国际贸易保护主义的工具。随着我国加入WTO，对外贸易遭遇绿色贸易壁垒日益繁多。研究绿色贸易壁垒，并寻因应之策，对进一步拓展我国出口贸易具有重要现实意义。     

African religion and development

Development must be seen as a response to the total context of a given community. This response is determined by external factors ‐ the context ‐ and by internal factors, such as the world‐view, the thought structures, the pattern of meaning, and the basic religious convictions of the community. These internal factors are also influenced by the context ‐ there is a process of interaction between internal and external factors — but their effect on the context is often underestimated.

Traditional African culture is deeply religious, and the central motive in this culture has often been described as the search for unity, harmony, balance, continuity, synthesis and community. The effect of this basic religious motive can be seen in the impact of group consciousness, the relation to the earth, the reaction to the Western city, and the conception of time. In each instance, it has a profound effect on African development perceptions, and it can often explain the negative response to Western culture that can be observed, for example, in many works of modem African writers.     

环境贸易壁垒与我国可持续贸易发展战略

环境贸易壁垒是当代国际贸易中一种新型而又广泛的非关税贸易壁垒，并广泛地影响着我国农产品、纺织品、机电产品、玩具、医药产品等的出口。为了推动我国对外贸易的可持续发展，政府要树立环保观念，发展环保产业，培育环保企业，把握国际环保动态，打破环境贸易壁垒；企业本身应树立可持续贸易战略观念，实行“清洁生产”，优化贸易商品结构，开发生态环保产品，实施环境营销策略，推行ISO14001环境管理体系。     

Long-term development credits and socialist trade

Zusammenfassung Langfristige Entwicklungskredite und sozialistischer Au\enhandel. —Die chronischen Ungleichgewichte auf dem Comecon-Markt haben unter anderem zu betr?chtlichen langfristigen Kreditstrómen für genau bezeichnete Zwecke (long-term credits for well-defined purposes, abgek. CWDP) unter den Comecon-Mitgliedern geführt. Sozialistische Kommentare haben diese Transaktionen als nützlich für alle beteiligten Partner erkl?rt, ohne die Bedingungen für die Wirksamkeit und Nützlichkeit dieser Abmachungen n?her zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus mu\ die sozialistische Interpretation dieser Kredite als langfristige L?sung der Ungleichgewichte als au\erordentlich kurzsichtig bezeichnet werden; CWDP-Kredite lassen die okonomischen Ursachen dieser schwierigen Entwicklungsprobleme unberührt. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die wichtigsten Ursachen der Ungleichgewichte und die besonderen Umst?nde der Kreditabkommen (Abschnitt I). Eine der seltenen kritischen überprüfungen durch M. Tardos stellte die heilsamen Wirkungen dieser Kredite in Frage, aber die Analyse zog aufkl?rende Schlu\folgerungen aus unzureichend und ungenau dargestellten Bedingungen. Abschnitt II enth?lt eine verbesserte und erweiterte Darstellung des Problems von Tardos. Der au\erordentlich niedrige Zinssatz für Kredite zwischen Comecon-L?ndern (Intra-CMEA-Kredite) liefert auf den ersten Blick den Beweis für eine Benachteiligung der Kreditgeber. Abschnitt III prüft die wichtigsten relevanten Grundzüge der Intra-CMEA-Kredittransaktionen und führt zu einer vorsichtigeren Bewertung der Kosten und Vorteile. Im Abschnitt IV werden schlie\lich das Problem der Ausdehnung gebundener Kredite im allgemeinen und die Frage der Vor- und Nachteile für die direkt am Comecon beteiligten L?nder ebenso wie für die Drittl?nder im besonderen erortert. Im Anhang werden die wichtigsten bekannt gewordenen Kredite und, soweit als m?glich, auch Einzelheiten über die Bedingungen der Abmachungen zusammengestellt.

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Résumé Crédits de développement à long terme et commerce extérieur socialiste. — Les déséquilibres chroniques dans le marché CAEM ont amené, entre autres, des flots remarquables de crédits à long terme pour fins bien définis (longterm credits for well-defined purposes = CWDP) entre membres du marché CAEM. Les commentaires socialistes ont considéré ces transactions avantageuses pour tous les interéssés, mais sans avoir examiné bien profondément leurs conditions d’efficacité et d’utilité. D’ailleurs, l’interprétation socialiste de ces crédits comme solution durable des déséquilibres manque, évidemment, de discernement. Les crédits CWDP ne remédient pas aux causes économiques de ces problèmes de développement bien compliqués. L’article que voici met au jour les causes les plus importantes des déséquilibres et les circonstances spéciales des accords de crédit (section I). Il est vrai qu’une étude critique rare de M. Tardos a mis en question les effets avantageux de ces crédits, mais son analyse appliqua un raisonnement clair à des conditions insuffisamment et inexactement exprimées. Section II présente une correction et une extension des problèmes de Tardos. Le taux d’intérêt extrémement bas pour les crédits entre membres du CAEM est une preuveprima facie de ce qu’il y a désavantage aux créditeurs. Section III examine les traits les plus importants des accords intra-CAEM de crédit, ce qui permet une évaluation mieux considérée des co?ts et des bénéfices. Section IV, enfin, examine la question générale des crédits fixés et s’occupe du problème des co?ts et bénéfices pour les pays qui ont part aux crédits CWDP, aussi bien que pour des tiers. Dans un appendice, une liste des crédits les plus importants qu’on conna?t est donnée avec des détails — si disponibles — des conditions des accords.

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Resumen Créditos de desarrollo a largo plazo y comercio exterior de los países socialistas. — Los desequilibrios crónicos en el mercado del COMECON han dado lugar a importantes corrientes de créditos a largo plazo para usos exactamente definidos (long-term credits for well-defined purposes = CWDP) entre los países miembros. Los comentaristas socialistas subrayan las ventajas que estas transacciones tienen para todos los países, pero no analizan los condicionantes de la eficacia y utilidad de las mismas. Además, esperar de estos créditos una solución duradera de los desequilibrios es mostrar poca perspicacia; pues los créditos CWDP no afectan a las causas económicas de estos difíciles problemas de desarrollo. El presente artículo comienza por estudiar las principales causas de los desequilibrios y las circunstancias especiales bajo las que se llegó a estos acuerdos crediticios. Es cierto que uno de los pocos análisis críticos existentes, de M. Tardos, puso en duda los efectos útiles de estos créditos, pero las conclusiones se basaban en condiciones insuficientes e inexactas. Por ello, la segunda parte del artículo contiene una presentación revisada y ampliada del problema de Tardos. El tipo de interés extraordinariamente bajo para créditos entre países miembros del COMECON demuestra que estas transacciones perjudican a los países donantes. En la tercera parte se analizan las características más importantes de dichas transacciones y se intenta una evaluación de costes y beneficios. Finalmente, en la cuarta parte, el autor discute el problema de la ampliación de creditos sujetos a un uso determinado en general, así como la cuestión de las ventajas y desventajas para los países miembros del COMECON y terceros países en particular. El anexo contiene los principales créditos conocidos y, donde es posible, los pormenores de los acuerdos correspondientes.

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Riassunto Crediti per lo sviluppo a lungo termine e commercio estero socialista. — I cronici squilibri sul mercato del Comecon hanno condotto tra i soci del Comecon, tra l’altro, a considerevoli correnti di credito a lungo termine per scopi ben definiti (long-term credits for well-defined purposes, abbrev. CWDP). Commenti socialisti hanno dichiarato utili queste transazioni per i soci partecipanti senza esaminare più da vicino le condizioni per l’efficacia e l’utilità di questi accordi. Inoltre l’interpretazione socialista di questi crediti come soluzione a lungo termine degli squilibri deve essere definita straordinariamente miope; CWDP-crediti lasciano intatte le cause economiche di questi difficili problemi di sviluppo. Il presente contributo esamina le cause più importanti degli squilibri e le condizioni particolari degli accordi di credito (capitolo I). Una delle rare verifiche critiche condotta da M. Tardos pose in dubbio gli effetti benefici di questi crediti, ma l’analisi tirò illuminanti conseguenze da condizioni insufficienti e non esattamente rappresentate. I1 capitolo II contiene un’esposizione ampliata e migliorata del problema di Tardos. Il tasso d’interesse per crediti straordinariamente basso tra i Paesi del Comecon (Intra-CMEA-crediti) fornisce a prima vista la prova di uno svantaggio per il sovventore. I1 capitolo III esamina le più importanti e rilevanti caratteristiche delle Intra-CMEA-transazioni di credito e conduce ad una più cauta valutazione dei costi e vantaggi. Nel capitolo IV infine sono discussi il problema dei crediti vincolati in generale e la questione degli svantaggi e vantaggi per i Paesi direttamente partecipanti al Comecon altrettanto come per i Paesi terzi. In appendice sono raccolti i crediti più importanti divenuti noti e, per quanto possibile, anche particolari sulle condizioni degli accordi.

     

Regional development in the Southern African development area

This article draws the conclusion that the present regional development strategy is an improvement on the previous policy of industrial decentralization, both in terms of its stated objectives and its achievements, but that it does not fully come to grips with the development problems of the Southern African development region (SADA). In spite of some very sound objectives on which the strategy is based, it still focuses too much on the development of growth points (or IDPs) and industrial development. Growth centre strategies have, however, only met with limited success, both internationally and in South Africa. A more comprehensive and bottom‐up approach to regional development is called for, but it will not be possible to finalize the regional development policy before clarity is reached on the future political dispensation of South Africa.     

关于《CEPA》与香港对外贸易发展的研究

本文围绕《CEPA》为主题,详细描述了《CEPA》的签署历程、特点,并且对《CEPA》签署后香港对外贸易的发展进行了详尽的分析。最后针对《CEPA》尚存在的问题,提出了将来进一步的补充《CEPA》内容的提议,以求使内地与香港的经济、贸易合作关系更加紧密。     

Education and development in the South African context

In line with international experience it is now widely accepted in South Africa that education has an important role to play in development, particularly of socio‐economically disadvantaged communities, although there is less certainty now than in the sixties as to what that role is. It cannot be governed solely by the manpower needs of the economy: men and women have their own equally important needs. Nor can this role be effective as long as education is equated with formal schooling, particularly where the schooling of the majority in society has been neglected over a long period. While the formal education system is undergoing reform and regeneration, and attention is being given to the critical issues of equality of opportunity and the legitimacy of the system, it is imperative that high priority should be given to non‐formal adult education. In all fields of education there is a need to give greater thought to issues of relevance and quality, rather than to seek salvation in “more of the same”.     

如何拓展福建服务贸易业——入世与商业、旅游、环保、专业服务业对策

随着我国加入WTO的日趋临近,逐步开放服务贸易市场,放宽外商在服务贸易领域的投资已成为必然。本文从服务贸易领域涉及的商业、旅游、环境、专业服务四个主要方面入手,分析了福建省在上述方面与发达国家存在的差距,并就此提出了一些具体的对策措施。     

全球化和地区性资信评级行业的发展趋势

从资信行业发展和行业管理的角度，首先对创立并继续发挥着决定性影响作用的美国资信评估业进行分析介绍，其后对世界若干国家对应行业进行概括介绍，并较详细的分析亚太地区的情况和特点，展望了未来的发展趋势，同时也涉及到了对中国经济和相应行业的影响。     

The new South African Constitution and its implications for development

The new constitutional dispensation will stimulate development activities for the Coloureds and Indians through community development and basic needs programmes which are mainly categorised as “own affairs”.

Local governmental institutions will become important additional instruments in this respect. The development backlog of Coloureds and Indians and its implications is sketched and the expectation is expressed that the dynamics of the new situation will lead to greater public expenditure for these needs. However, political demands for the realisation of development goals could outpace societal progress in terms of community development approaches, while the demographic distribution of Coloureds an Indians militates somewhat against their optimal drawing of benefit from decentralisation policies.     

2004年福建外贸发展的机遇与挑战

面对2004年国际、国内政治经济形势，我省外贸发展环境是机遇与挑战并存。及时把握机遇，寻找对策，对福建经济持续稳定发展意义重大。     

WTO服务贸易规定与我国教育市场的发展

WTO有关教育服务贸易的规定 1994年，“乌拉圭回合”结束，缔结了《服务贸易总协定》。目前，共有39个国家签订了教育服务贸易减让表(加上中国就是40个)；在已经承诺教育服务贸易开放的国家中，最积极的是发达国家，如美、英、法、德等10个国家，他们是主要的高等教育服务提供国，近年来每年招收海外留学生总数已超过150万人。     

Research on impacts of international textile trade development on Chinese textile trade and countermeasure s

Under the international textile trade development condition, the author analyzes the international textile trade market and the situation of Chinese textile trade after China entry into WTO, reveals the influence of the world textile trade development on Chinese textile trade, and proposes a series     

Maritime trade and economic development in South Ostrobothnia

Abstract

Provincial history has been an object of lively interest in Finland during the last ten years or so. The majority of provinces are planning to have their histories written. Amongst these plans, that for South Ostrobothnia is the most advanced: four large volumes are now complete, covering the history of the region from prehistoric times down to 1809.     

中国与哈萨克斯坦双边贸易发展问题研究

利用贸易结合度指数分析中哈两国双边贸易联系的紧密程度,通过经常市场份额模型分析双边贸易增长源泉,基于SITCREV.3贸易统计数据分析双边贸易产品结构变迁,使用贸易特化系数分析双边贸易中的产业内互补及产业间互补,从多个视角对中国和哈萨克斯坦两国双边贸易进行全面研究,以探求双边贸易持续发展的动力和方向。