研发国际化与企业创新绩效——吸收能力和地理多样性的调节作用

新兴经济体企业的国际化行为已经成为国际商务领域的研究热点之一,但如中国这样的新兴经济体的跨国企业是否能够通过研发国际化行为提升母公司的创新绩效,现有文献对该问题尚缺乏足够的研究。文章基于2011-2017年间沪深两市310家信息技术业上市跨国企业的年度观察数据,采用泊松面板固定效应模型考察了企业研发国际化与母公司创新绩效之间的关系,并首次从逆向知识转移的视角,探讨了吸收能力和地理多样性对研发国际化和创新绩效两者关系的调节作用。实证结果表明：中国企业的研发国际化显著促进母公司创新绩效的提升;以研发投入强度衡量的企业吸收能力显著正向调节研发国际化和创新绩效之间的关系,而以布劳异质性指数测量的地理多样性则显著负向调节研发国际化和创新绩效的关系。研究结果对中国企业国际化行为具有重要启示。该研究发现意味着中国企业在国际化过程中应该加大海外研发投资力度以提升母公司创新绩效,且为更好地实现外部知识的逆向转移,应同时提高企业总体研发投入强度。但作为新兴经济体企业,不宜在地理分布上实行快速扩张,否则较高的沟通和协调成本将弱化逆向知识转移的程度,而不利于母公司创新绩效的提升。     

R&D and the Export Decision of New Firms

Recent literature on the firm‐level decision to export has focused on identifying factors that influence the export decision by firms regardless of the number of years they have been in operation. This article, alternatively, examines the factors that influence new firms to export within the first four years of operation. The results support two key findings that have commonly emerged from entrepreneurial case studies: (1) There is a positive link between research and development (R&D) and early internationalization, and (2) international ties of managers, as is evidenced by the effect of foreign‐born owners, positively impact the firm's decision to export. The former result is the emphasis of this article. In addition, we find that innovation spillovers from neighboring firms impact the export decision of new firms that engage in R&D.     

Effects of presidents’ characteristics on internationalization of small and medium firms in Japan

Recent heterogeneous-firm models of international trade suggest that productivity determines whether firms engage in export activity and foreign direct investment. In practice, however, many productive firms are not internationalized, whereas many unproductive firms are, which suggests that there are factors other than productivity that influence firms’ internationalization. This study uses a unique panel data set for Japanese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to examine whether the personal characteristics of a firm’s president are factors in firm internationalization. We find that SMEs with a risk-tolerant, forward-looking president are more likely to be internationalized. These effects are large in magnitude, as is the productivity effect, which provides a partial explanation as to why many productive firms are not internationalized. In addition, we find that productivity has an insignificant effect on firms exiting export markets, whereas presidential myopia increases the probability of exit. The evidence further suggests that a firm’s initial export costs become sunk following its entry into export markets, which explains why many unproductive firms are internationalized.     

Innovation and exporting: evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms

This paper investigates the relationship between innovation and the export behavior of firms using data from a representative panel of Spanish firms over 1991–2002. It presents a simple theoretical model of the firm decision to export and innovate that guides the econometric analysis. Consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model, the econometric results suggest a positive effect of firm innovation on the probability of participation in export markets. The results further reveal the heterogeneous effects of different types of innovations on the firm export participation. In particular, product upgrading appears to have a larger effect on the firm export participation than the introduction of cost-saving innovations. These findings are robust to firm unobserved heterogeneity, dynamic specifications, and to the use of instrumental variables to control for the potential endogeneity between innovation and exporting.     

企业家对中国企业国际化行为的影响：一个概念框架

响应Jones和Coviello的以多个理论为基础、构建综合性研究模型的呼吁,文章在相关文献综述的基础上,首先对企业家因素和国际化行为进行了整体构造,然后结合中国企业国际化实际,以战略管理理论、资源基础和国际化理论为基础,构架了一个综合的企业家对中国企业国际化影响的概念框架。该框架的基本内容是:企业家特点和行为共同影响中国企业国际化行为;中国企业国际化行为影响企业国际化绩效;企业国际化绩效反过来又影响企业家特点和企业家行为。     

出口行为与企业生存:内部资源、政府补贴重要吗

文章利用1998-2011年新成立的中国工业企业纵向数据,采用Cox比例风险模型估计方法,实证检验了出口行为对企业生存的影响效应及内部资源、政府补贴的调节效应。研究结果表明,出口倾向负向影响企业生存,而出口强度与企业生存之间存在非线性的“S型”关系。管理冗余和创新资源显著调节出口行为与企业生存之间的关系,有效缓冲了出口企业在国外市场面临的生存风险。然而,财务冗余和政府补贴对出口行为与企业生存关系的调节效应并不显著。采用加速失效时间模型进行稳健性检验,本项研究的结论依然成立。     

Firm Productivity,Innovation, and Financial Development

How do firm‐specific actions—in particular, innovation—affect firm productivity? What is the role of the financial sector in facilitating higher productivity? Using a rich firm‐level data set, we find that innovation is crucial for firm performance as it directly and measurably increases productivity. The impact of innovation on productivity is larger in less‐developed countries. Evidence of financial sector development influencing the innovation‐productivity link is weak, but the effect is difficult to identify due to correlation between indicators of a country's financial and nonfinancial development. Furthermore, we find evidence that the innovation effect on productivity is more significant for high‐tech firms than for low‐tech firms.     

要素市场扭曲与多产品出口企业的贸易边际研究

基于多产品异质性企业模型,本文从要素市场扭曲这一深刻的中国经济现实出发研究出口企业的贸易行为模式。研究发现：（1）要素市场扭曲通过工资效应激励了中国企业出口,并且这种激励的87%来自出口深度,只有13%来自出口广度;（2）与内资企业相比,外资企业利用扭曲从中国的廉价劳动力中获得了更多的出口激励;（3）在国有企业内部,扭曲对中小型国有企业的出口促进效果更强;（4）要素市场扭曲显著促进了间断性出口企业的出口,对于持续出口企业的影响并不显著。     

Old,not yet rich? The impact of population aging on export upgrading in developing countries

Does population aging in developing countries, which undermines their traditional export advantages, prevent them upgrading export? Using the method of instrument variables, this paper empirically shows that population aging significantly and adversely affects export upgrading in developing countries. Moreover, the negative impact of population aging is mainly channeled through innovation and human capital. Furthermore, the negative impact of population aging on export upgrading is not present in developed countries and is decreasing in recent years of developing countries. This is possibly due to the inferior institutions and slow adoption of automation in developing countries. Lastly, this paper extends the analysis to a disaggregated level, where the results suggest that an aging country indeed exports less of the products with higher quality.     

生产率异质性还是多重异质性——中国出口企业竞争力来源的实证研究

本文分析了Meltiz模型的情境条件,发现生产率异质性是与其三大前提假设紧密相关的。中国情境下,改革开放后不同阶段的不同类型的出口企业：与外商投资相关的企业、生而国际化的企业、先有本土市场而后国际化的企业,它们国际市场竞争力来源不只是生产率异质性,而是存在差异的企业区位、企业年龄、企业规模、创新、品牌、企业性质、企业级别、资本结构、人力资本、成长率等多重异质性。利用中国工业企业数据库,本文实证检验发现,在多个细分行业存在生产率悖论,生产率差异不能有效解释出口企业竞争力,而多重异质性具有更强的解释力,是中国出口企业竞争力来源。     

Foreign ownership,technological capabilities and clothing exports in Sri Lanka

Drawing on recent developments in applied international trade and innovation and learning in developing countries, this paper examines the links between firm-level export performance, foreign ownership and the acquisition of technological capabilities in a sample of 205 clothing enterprises in Sri Lanka. Econometric analysis indicates that foreign ownership, firm size, human capital, technological capabilities and geographical location are all positively associated with export shares. Furthermore, higher levels of technological capability are associated with larger firm size, university-level manpower and in-house technological effort. Micro-level investigations are a complementary input to developing policies for promoting private sector competitiveness in outward-oriented developing countries.     

技术多元化、地理多样性与企业创新绩效

为研究技术多元化与创新绩效之间的关系以及地理多样性在两者之间的调节作用,利用550家知识密集型行业上市公司2012—2019年的面板数据,通过泊松面板固定效应模型对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明：技术广度多元化和技术深度多元化对创新绩效都有显著的促进作用;地理多样性广度和地理多样性深度正向调节技术广度多元化与创新绩效之间的关系,负向调节技术深度多元化与创新绩效之间的关系。     

Using export market performance to evaluate regional preferential policies in China

We evaluate the effectiveness of two types of preferential regional policy programs in China’s manufacturing sector. The primary goal of the Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) is to facilitate internationalization strategies, while Science and Technology Industrial Parks (STIPs) aim to generate technology spillovers. Various dimensions of export market performance are used as objective indicators for the upgrading of product quality and firm operations. We compare startups that locate into one of these zones with startups on the outside, while controlling for self-selection using treatment evaluation methods. The results indicate that firms locating in an ETDZ achieve much higher export values, driven by higher volumes of trade and numbers of destinations. Firms locating in a STIP perform best on quality dimensions. In particular they fetch higher export prices and have more success exporting to high-income countries.     

Export Activity,Firm Size and Wage Structure: Evidence from Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms*

This study adopts a semiparametric smooth coefficient model to evaluate the export–wage premiums, firm size–wage premiums, and the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor. Particular focus is placed upon widespread evidence indicating that pay levels in ‘large’ and ‘export‐oriented’ firms are higher than in their ‘small’ and ‘domestic‐oriented’ counterparts. Applying the firm‐level data for Taiwanese manufacturing firms, we find a positive export–wage premium for skilled workers and a negative export–wage premium for unskilled workers. The hypothesis of a constant export premium across firm size is rejected. While most of the export–wage premiums for skilled labor can be attributed to the small and medium firms, the large exporting firms have a significant adverse effect on wages for unskilled labor. Moreover, our results suggest that the firm size–wage premiums for skilled workers are larger than those for unskilled workers. The wage gap between the two skill groups is also sensitive to size categories.     

Trade policy uncertainty,development strategy,and export behavior: Evidence from listed industrial companies in China

On the basis of new structural economics theory and heterogeneity of firm viability, this study analyzes the effect of trade policy uncertainty on firm export behavior using panel data of Chinese listed companies in the industrial sector. Empirical results show that the high uncertainty of trade policy significantly inhibits the extensive and intensive margins of firm export, while heterogeneity effect occurs across firms with different levels of viability. The development strategy that violates comparative advantage strengthens the negative impact of trade policy uncertainty on firm export. Despite their correlation with viability, the type of ownership, total factor productivity, and long-term loan are not suitable proxies for firm viability. Under high uncertainty of trade policy, export market diversification can alleviate the restraining effect of development strategy on firm export, whereas firms in regions with high industrial-oriented development tend to be vulnerable to cost shocks, thus reducing export market diversification. Findings present important implications for emerging market countries to enact better international trade and economic policies.     

INFRASTRUCTURE QUALITY AND MANUFACTURING EXPORTS IN AFRICA: A FIRM‐LEVEL ANALYSIS

Using bilateral trade flow models, a body of empirical work has documented how geography and infrastructure variables affect trade performance. However, in this paper, we apply censored regression models like the Tobit and Probit on firm‐level manufacturing data from 10 African countries, and results suggest that inadequate infrastructure in the form of customs, transport, electricity and water negatively affects export intensity and participation. Owning a generator and private water source also appear to have a significant impact on exports. This, therefore, means that firms can minimise the impact of power and water disruption on production, and hence trade by installing these alternative energy and water sources.     

医疗支出、健康人力资本与企业出口扩张

医疗支出作为影响健康人力资本形成的基础因素,在后疫情时代,对企业构筑出口竞争优势和提高出口发展规模有着重要的作用,尤其对中小微企业出口发展影响深远。在此背景下,文章以中国私营企业调查数据库为基础,对医疗支出与企业出口之间的因果关系展开系统检验。理论上,健康人力资本是组成企业人力资本的重要模块,医疗支出的增加能够影响企业健康人力资本的形成,进而对企业出口产生积极作用。实证研究发现,医疗支出发展能够产生显著的出口促进效应,提高企业的出口规模,但这一作用就不同样本分类存在着异质性。机制检验表明,文章从人口死亡率、营养健康程度等多个维度对健康人力资本进行衡量后,医疗支出水平的提高能够改善企业健康人力资本的积累,增强企业出口的竞争优势,进而促进企业的出口发展。此外,文章在考虑计量模型设定、行业样本选取、宏观环境冲击、医疗支出构成等多方面的稳健性检验,并通过PSM分析、安慰剂检验、控制函数法来解决潜在的内生性问题后,医疗支出对企业出口的积极作用依然成立。文章研究是卫生经济学和国际贸易领域的一次有益融合,相关结论为支持我国卫生医疗和对外贸易发展政策的有效性,提供了来自现实的有力证据。     

中国对东盟机电产品出口贸易波动因素分解——基于恒定市场份额模型

基于UN Comtrade数据库，构建恒定市场份额（CMS）模型，分析2004—2020年中国对东盟市场机电产品出口贸易波动的影响因素。结果表明，整体竞争力效应是中国机电产品出口的主要增长动力，其次是增长效应；而具体竞争力效应限制了中国机电产品的出口增长；产品结构效应和纯二阶效应的影响在促进和抑制之间波动，但对出口增长的影响有限；动态二阶效应逐年下降至负数，对出口增长产生阻碍作用。     

融资约束、生产率与异质性企业的出口竞争力——微观基础的中国经验考察

本文基于企业异质性贸易模型,探讨了融资约束和生产率对出口竞争力的共同影响机制,从企业的内部治理和外部环境两个层面,利用中国2004～2009年的企业样本数据经验考察了出口竞争力的影响因素。研究发现,生产率对企业出口促进贡献还有赖于其融资水平,尤其需要克服融资的阈值效应,避免危机时期优秀企业被"逆淘汰";政策启示在于强调对高生产率企业建立政府"临危保护制度",并引导企业强化内部治理能力;最后需要强化物质要素之外的服务型要素竞争优势,从而继续维持我国贸易的"大国优势"。     

代工企业转型升级的影响因素研究——基于昆山制造业企业的问卷调查

与以往的理论分析和个案研究不同,本文以国际代工特征显著的江苏省昆山市为例,利用制造业出口企业的调查数据总结了其转型升级的成就,并从微观层面实证分析了代工企业转型升级的可能影响因素。研究结果显示:企业的价值链升级能减少其对国际市场的依赖,对外需市场依赖越小,企业越容易转型升级;企业规模的扩大并不能促进制造业企业的转型升级,反而会使企业陷入对国际代工模式的路径依赖;技术创新强度与出口倾向和附加值水平都显著负相关,说明创新能力提高固然可以改变制造业企业过度依赖出口的局面,但可能要发挥长期效应才能有助于价值链升级;工资水平对附加值和出口倾向影响的显著性水平都较低,说明价值链升级可能弱化了要素成本上升的负面影响。