低碳经济背景下跨国公司环境责任研究

低碳经济对跨国公司的最本质要求就是以低碳技术承担环境责任。研究表明,在寡头垄断市场,不论是在一国封闭市场还是在多国开放市场,只要总收入价格弹性大于总成本价格弹性,跨国公司就能从投资低碳技术、承担环境责任中获益。具体机制是:跨国公司投资低碳技术,以无污染的方式生产,需求量可能下降,但世界市场价格上升,总收入提高、利润率上升、竞争力增加。     

The aggregate supply of output and a constant price level

Summary When they are treating the case of an economy operating at less than full employment macro theorists commonly assume that the aggregate supply function for output is perfectly elastic with respect to the price level. In this paper we demonstrate that an aggregate supply of output which is perfectly elastic at some price level cannot be derived from the interaction of the demand for and supply of labor in a competitive market even when the labor supply conditions are Keynesian in nature - e.g., rigid money wage rates.     

经济中最优私有比重——经济体制改革的模型描述

文章通过构建混合寡头竞争博弈模型,在封闭经济、具有外来竞争者的封闭经济和开放经济情形下,证明经济中最优私有比重的存在性。模型假定随着私有化的深入,国有企业的生产边际成本会降低。基本结论是:(1)在封闭经济、具有外来竞争者的封闭经济和开放经济情形下,最优私有比重都是存在的;(2)在任意固定的私有比重下,存在最优关税;(3)在具有外来竞争者的封闭经济或者开放经济下,本国关税对本国企业起到了保护作用,随着关税的增加,本国企业的产量会增加,进口和市场产品总量会减少;(4)随着我国私有经济在经济总量中比例的增大,我国企业将向国外市场出口更多的产品,而且国外市场中的产品总量也随着我国私有化水平的提高越来越大。我们的结论可为我国政府进行经济体制改革提供一定的理论依据。     

PRICE ELASTICITIES AND PRICING POWER IN EMERGING MARKETS: THE CASE OF PETROCHEMICAL‐DERIVED PLASTICS IN SOUTH AFRICA1

This paper examines whether there necessarily exists a conflict between allocative and productive efficiency in small open economy markets. That productive efficiency favours market concentration is not in dispute, and the sole question we face is whether allocative efficiency suffers under high market concentration. We proceed theoretically and econometrically. We find that the conflict between productive and allocative efficiency is not necessarily as stringent as the international competition policy literature suggests should be the case. In particular, we note that the strategic interaction between the large domestic producer and its competitors makes feasible a range of alternative price elasticities of demand, and empirically that all price elasticities of demand are less than or equal to unity. Nevertheless, the impact of market structure is such as to render feasible a wide range of possible levels of pricing power.     

开放还是封闭：基于利润比较的支付平台转型策略研究

文章通过构建双边定价模型,研究支付平台封闭式运行与开放式运行的利润差异并给出平台转型策略。研究结果表明：在二部定价模式下,开放型支付平台的利润水平处于优势;在会员费模式下,开放型支付平台的利润水平则处于劣势;在交易费模式下,当需求的平均价格效应足够强时,开放型支付平台将表现出明显的利润优势。文章进一步在交易费模式下,给出了两类支付平台利润差距与平均价格效应、单位交易成本、平台内加价能力之间的具体关系,界定了支付平台转型的触发机制、作用机理与路径选择。以此为基础,文章解释了美国运通支付公司“封转开”的动机,结合我国支付产业运行的基本事实部分地解释了中国银行卡支付市场组织形式“封转开”改革的低效率原因。     

Relative price risk in an open economy with fixed and flexible exchange rates

We analyze the choice between fixed and flexible exchange rates in the context of an open economy version of a multimarkets equilibrium model. In contrast to previous analysis, we separate the information and the shock-absorbing aspects of the two regimes. Under a relative price risk criterion, flexible exchange rates are preferable for a relatively open economy, the more so the less stable are domestic output demand and supply conditions. Fixed exchange rates are preferable for a relatively closed economy, especially so if domestic output demand and supply functions are relatively stable, and if the real balance effect in domestic output demand functions is strong.     

影响中国国际资本流动的因素分析

本文结合中国资本流动的特点,加入证券市场价格及房地产价格水平两个变量实证分析了1982～2004年对我国国际资本流动的影响。结果表明对中国资本流动影响最显著的因素依次为利率、汇率、房地产价格指数和证券市场价格。     

A Comparison of Menu Costs in Open and Closed Economies with a Mixed Industrial Structure

In this paper we develop Dixon and Hansen (1997) to allow for two-sector small open economy in which the non-traded sector is monopolistic. The closed economy version of the model generalises Dixon/Hansen to allow for diminishing returns on the traded sector. We compare the short-run impact of menu costs on the economy and also the size of menu costs needed to sustain nominal rigidity in both the open and closed economies. We find that whilst the welfare gains from monetary expansion are of a similar magnitude, nominal rigidity can occur for much smaller menu costs than in the closed economy case. Hence we argue that menu costs and the resultant nominal rigidities are more likely to be important in an open economy.     

A Dual-Price Demand Theory for Economies under Transition

China adopted a dual-price system shortly after the economic reform started in 1978 to liberalise its price control. This led to the coexistence of both plan and market prices for an identical good in the economy. The conventional demand theory developed based on the pure market economies is not useful in explaining consumers' behaviour in the transitional economies such as China in which both plan and market prices are prevalent. This study develops an alternative demand theory for a dual-price (or dual-track) economy and derives the dual-price Slusky equation that identifies a replacement effect of price liberalisation. This demand theory distinguishes itself from the conventional demand theory and explains the ways in which consumers respond to the price liberalisation during the reform period. The new demand theory shows that the gradual approach to reform is superior to the ‘Big Bang’ approach in terms of reducing the ‘corrected inflation’ during the transition period. The new theory also suggests that the price elasticity of demand is higher in the dual-track system than that in a full market economy, implying that the price elasticity diminishes over the process of price liberalisation. This theory is tested using the Chinese aggregate consumption data.     

Physical capital accumulation in Asia 12: Past trends and future projections

The pace of capital accumulation in East Asia has simply been stunning. In this paper, we investigate sources of this fast accumulation and make projections for the future. We estimate a “convergence” equation for physical capital per capita, which is derived from an open economy growth model, using a pooled cross-country, across-decade sample of the entire world. We also conduct projections for the next two decades. We find that an economy with a low level of capital stock per capita tends to experience faster accumulation subsequently. Asian economies have certainly benefited from this “convergence effect”. But on the other hand, other factors such as a low rule of law score and high investment goods prices have worked against them. Our projection shows that, if those economies wish to maintain their current pace of fast capital accumulation, the keys would be to reduce distortions in the domestic market and to improve the quality of institutions.     

What to Aim for? The Choice of an Inflation Objective when Openness Matters

Inflation targeting countries generally define the inflation objective in terms of the consumer price index. Studies in the academic literature, however, reach conflicting conclusions concerning which measure of inflation a central bank should target in a small open economy. This paper examines the properties of domestic, CPI, and real-exchange-rate-adjusted (REX) inflation targeting. In one class of open economy New Keynesian models there is an isomorphism between optimal policy in an open versus closed economy. In the type of model we consider, where the real exchange rate appears in the Phillips curve, this isomorphism breaks down; openness matters. REX inflation targeting restores the isomorphism but this may not be desirable. Instead, under domestic and CPI inflation targeting the exchange rate channel can be exploited to enhance the effects of monetary policy. Our results indicate that CPI inflation targeting delivers price stability across the three inflation objectives and will be desirable to a central bank with a high aversion to inflation instability. CPI inflation targeting also does a better job of stabilizing the real exchange rate and interest rate which is an advantage from the standpoint of financial stability. REX inflation targeting does well in achieving output stability and has an advantage if demand shocks are predominant. In general, the choice of the inflation objective affects the trade-offs between policy goals and thus policy choices and outcomes.     

Estimates of the Open Economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve for Euro Area Countries

This paper extends the existing literature on the open economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve by incorporating three different factors of production, domestic labor and imported as well as domestically produced intermediate goods, into a general model which nests existing closed economy and open economy models. The model is estimated for nine euro area countries and the euro area aggregate. We find that the general specification of our model improves the fit of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve considerably compared to the closed economy specification. The estimates of the structural parameters of the model suggest strong heterogeneity in the degree of price rigidity across euro area counties. Furthermore, we find the degree of price rigidity to be systematically lower in the open economy specification than in the closed economy specification and also lower than in the general specification of our model.

卓炯市场导向改革思路与实践检验的再认识再评价

1979年春卓炯率先提出市场导向的改革思路,主张把产品经济体制改革成市场经济体制,经济体制改革是一个系统工程,包括把计划价格改革成市场价格,资源配置机制的行政机制改革为市场机制,重塑微观经济基础。这是卓炯对改革作出的重大理论贡献。实践证明,卓炯提出的市场导向的改革思路是完全正确的,但是也存在着一些难点。这些难点包括适应市场经济的公有制的实现形式、私营个体经济在市场经济中的地位、个人在市场经济中的主体地位,需要根据改革实践进行充实和丰富。     

对我国商业银行中间业务创新的思考

本文通过生产模式的变革与供应链整合 ,讨论知识经济时代企业市场再定位的问题 ,根据从封闭式向开放式转变的时代特点 ,分析研究企业在确定市场再定位时应遵循的基本思路与指导原则。     

Why improving agrifood quality is difficult in China: Evidence from dairy industry

The issue of economy of scale exists both in terms of the quantity of agricultural production and also in its quality aspect. From the perspective of production cost, we build an agrifood quality-cost function and its elasticity estimation model and then empirically estimate this model in China's dairy industry. Analysis of survey data, estimation results of raw milk quality-cost elasticity and quantity-cost elasticity indicate that, in current factors market and under current policy environment, an economy of scale for raw milk quality does not exist and the economic incentive to improve raw milk quality is not enough. In contrast, raw milk quantity exhibits an economy of scale, and increasing the production scale is profitable. This provides a theoretical basis for explaining why improving raw milk quality is much more difficult than increasing quantity. Accordingly, in order to fundamentally improve the overall level of quality of raw milk, changing the status of diseconomy of scale should be the primary strategy.     

从非价格制度谈对市场经济内涵的再认识

随着市场经济的发展，环境污染、外部负效应、社会道德水平下降和贫富分化严重等市场失灵造成的社会不良现象相继出现，暴露出了一个问题，即市场经济价格机制并不是万能的。非价格制度的作用以及市场经济的进入时机与条件，都是市场经济模式运用中更广泛的内容。文章从市场经济的一般理论与特征入手，针对其内在的缺陷，引入非价格制度的概念与作用，指出非价格制度其实应作为市场经济本身的一部分来认识，从而对市场经济理论进行深入探讨。     

人民币汇率变动与出口价格:一个分析框架与实证检验

汇率在维持一国经济内部平衡和外部平衡时起着至关重要的作用,是开放经济环境下的核心工具变量。本文在现有研究的基础上,基于不完全竞争市场结构建立了一个适合于我国汇率传递研究的分析框架,并将其应用于我国商品出口价格汇率传递的实证检验。细分行业的实证研究表明,我国商品出口价格存在不完全汇率传递现象,而且不同商品分类之间的汇率传递程度存在较大差异。     

Openness,Lobbying, and Provision of Infrastructure

Casual empirical evidence suggests that infrastructure provision is higher in economies that are open to world trade. We develop a model of imperfect competition to show that open economies are likely to provide more infrastructure than closed economies. If infrastructure is financed by taxing a producer lobby, the open economy will overprovide while the closed economy will underinvest; an open economy approaches optimal provision when this lobby group is small in size. If financing of infrastructure is done by taxing the whole population, the closed-economy outcome may be preferred relative to that of the open economy.     

高油价背景下我国石油期货的发展

随着世界经济的复苏,世界各国对石油的需求旺盛,供给比较紧张等原因,使油价逐步攀升而且居高不下,并有继续攀升的势头。我国是石油消费大国和进口大国,已经开设了燃料油期货市场,但是市场品种单一,仍然面临被动地接受国际油价的局面。在这样的背景下,我国应该大力发展其他的石油期货品种,完善原油、燃料油和成品油价格形成机制,使我国逐步成为影响世界油价的重要因素,同时也为我国石油相关企业提供套期保值的场所。     

补贴资源性产业的扭曲效应研究——基于开放经济下的经济增长视角

本文在索洛—斯旺模型的基本框架下引入了资源中间品部门和资源中间品的国际贸易,构建了一个开放的经济增长模型。在此基础上进一步分析了补贴资源中间品部门引发的市场扭曲及其福利效应。本文的研究指出,在开放经济中,资源中间品的国际价格水平会影响经济增长的模式。当资源中间品的国际价格低于某一临界值时,经济增长是可持续的,否则经济增长将进入稳定状态。补贴资源中间品部门所产生的扭曲效应会受到资源中间品国际价格水平的影响,资源中间品的国际价格越高,补贴的福利损失越大。