Assessment and improvement of the efficiency of nitrogen use on commercial dairy farms

Nine dairy farmers participated in a project which ran over a four year period from 1997 to 2001, with the aim of improving nitrogen use efficiency (NE) and reducing nitrogen surpluses. Results from systems research and the disadvantages of large nitrogen losses and low NE to the economics of the farm business and the environment were outlined and possible mitigation strategies were discussed with the farmers during visits by a dairy consultant. Initial nitrogen use efficiency (nitrogen output/nitrogen input) ranged from 10% to 23% and nitrogen surplus from 259 to 785 kg N ha¹. During the project nitrogen efficiency improved by an average of 5.4% and nitrogen surpluses reduced by an average of 186 kg N ha¹. The largest changes in nitrogen output per hectare were due to changes in stocking rate rather than changes in milk yield per cow or milk protein content. Nitrogen input was dominated by nitrogen fertilizer input, which for farms applying more than 150 kg N ha¹accounted for between 41% and 85% of total nitrogen input. Reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilizer use was the main way that farmers improved nitrogen efficiency and reduced nitrogen surpluses.     

水环境污染损害赔偿研究总结与方法设计

随着我国经济社会的快速发展,水环境污染问题日益严重,随之而来的环境污染损害赔偿纠纷和公益性诉讼不断增多。因此,急需进一步完善与之相适应的损害赔偿方法。基于对水环境污染损害赔偿研究的系统总结,从制度和方法两方面概括水环境污染损害赔偿的研究现状,分析在该研究领域存在的问题。在此基础上,基于水环境污染损害过程,设计一套应对水环境污染损害的赔偿实施方案,包括水环境污染损害风险预防、水环境污染事件发现与定位、水环境主要污染物识别、水环境污染损失分析与计算、水环境污染善后赔偿与处罚。最后,针对不同水环境污染损害类型,提出具有普适性的水环境污染损害赔偿计算方法,以期为我国水环境污染损坏赔偿公益性诉讼和法律评判工作提供参考和借鉴。     

安徽省乡镇工业环境污染分析

伴随农村经济的快速发展，乡镇工业也得到充分发展，成为农村经济的支柱之一，但同时带来的环境污染也不容忽视：阐述了安徽乡镇工业环境污染的状况，分析了其污染趋势，并提出一些控制污染的措施方法。     

江苏省水污染、环境规制与高质量经济发展

利用江苏省2005—2017年的面板数据,研究水污染、环境规制与高质量经济发展之间的关系。首先采用熵权法构建高质量经济发展评价体系;其次采用SYS-GMM法构建基准回归模型;接着以水污染为门槛变量,研究水污染不同程度下,水环境规制对经济发展的效应;最后,从苏南、苏中、苏北3个区域出发研究水环境污染的空间异质性。研究结果表明:水污染对经济发展质量产生负向效应。江苏省的水环境规制总体上看对经济发展质量产生制约作用。随着水污染程度的加重,环境规制对经济发展质量的抑制作用将逐渐减弱。江苏省三大区域的水污染、环境规制对经济发展质量的影响具有空间异质性。     

Potential of feed additives to improve the environmental impact of European livestock farming: a multi-issue analysis

Today, less than 3% of the 250,000 plant varieties available to agriculture are in use. Sources of (agricultural) biodiversity are under threat and disappearing in many regions. Increasing industrialisation of agriculture and top-down agricultural research have contributed to this dependence on a relatively few plant varieties. This article argues that new approaches to agricultural development research are needed to conserve agricultural diversity, improve crops, and produce food of quality for all. Such an approach should enable small farmers on marginal lands to participate as equal partners alongside agricultural scientists, fairly sharing their know-how, expertise and seeds. Three case studies illustrate how farmers and plant breeders are working together in a diversity of agro-ecological, socio-economic and political contexts to put these new approaches into practice. New forms of collaboration are producing an increase in diversity and a number of promising improved varieties in terms of yields, agronomic traits and taste. These varieties are showing better adaptation to the local environmental conditions without requiring extra external inputs. Long-term success requires that these efforts be backed up by supportive policies, by actions to ensure that policies are implemented, and where necessary by related legislation.     

山东半岛经济增长与大气环境污染关系的实证研究

论文选取了1981年-2013年山东省环境与经济数据,通过建立经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型—环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC),分析山东省大气环境污染与经济增长之间的相关性水平。结果表明,山东省二氧化硫排放量的EKC形态为倒U型。粉尘排放量则有N型曲线的形态,而工业废气的排放量随着人均收入水平的提高呈现单调增长的形态,虽有下降趋势,但并不明显。可见,经济的增长虽然在一定程度上会改善环境质量,但并不能完全的解决环境污染问题。所以,若想从根本上改善环境污染的现状,不能一味的追求经济增长,需要多方面的措施与政策相结合进行调控,从而达到经济与环境"共赢"的局面。     

Comparing the environmental impacts of pasture-based and confinement-based dairy systems in Nova Scotia (Canada) using life cycle assessment

A life cycle assessment (LCA) of dairy systems in Nova Scotia was conducted to compare environmental impacts of typical pasture and confinement operations. Data on material and energy inputs and outputs of these systems were obtained from local researchers and industry, and life cycle impacts in 11 categories were quantified. Use of concentrate feeds, N fertilizers, transport fuels and electricity were dominant contributors to environmental impacts. Somewhat surprisingly, grazing cows for five months per year (typical of pasture systems in Nova Scotia) had little effect on overall environmental impact. Scenario modelling suggests, however, that prolonged grazing is potentially beneficial. Compared with total confinement, a seven-month grazing scenario performed better in seven of the environmental impact categories evaluated with greatest potential improvements associated with acidification potential, ozone depletion potential, human toxicity and fresh water ecotoxicity. In contrast, land use was the only category in which an increased reliance on pasture is predicted to result in a marked increase in environmental impact.     

基于向量自回归模型的江苏省经济增长与环境污染关系的实证研究

基于江苏省1985—2013年经济增长与环境污染的相关数据,建立经济增长与环境污染的向量自回归(VAR)模型。在VAR模型估计的基础上,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析江苏省经济增长与环境污染之间的双向作用机制。研究发现:江苏省经济增长与环境污染之间存在双向作用机制,并且经济增长对环境的影响大于环境对经济增长的反作用;江苏省经济增长对环境污染的主要表现形式为工业固体废弃物,而对江苏省经济增长影响较大的污染物为工业固体废弃物(抑制)和工业废气(促进)。针对分析结果,提出优化产业结构配置,改进生产技术、提升"工业三废"污染治理水平、加大环保投入、完善环保法规等政策建议。     

流域合作治污与环保宣传动态协调策略

为提高流域环境治理效果并完善跨行政区流域环境管理机制,采用多主体微分博弈方法,以投入污染治理成本的上游地方政府和进行环保宣传的下游地方政府组成的流域系统为研究对象,研究上、下游地方政府治污减排与环保宣传的合作问题。结果表明:中央政府的补贴政策和地方政府间的生态补偿政策可以有效提升流域环境治理,但提升效果受到地方政府的边际收益等多重因素的影响;科学合理的分配契约可使补偿方与受偿方利益平衡,有利于提高各利益主体进行合作环境治理的积极性;中央政府可以根据不同的博弈策略和收益分配协议,制定差异化的补贴方案,以更好地提升流域环境治理效果。     

Economic analysis of the impact of adopting herd health control programs on smallholder dairy farms in Central Thailand

The economic impact of adopting herd health programs for mastitis and reproduction by small-scale dairy producers of Central Thailand was assessed using a policy analysis matrix (PAM). Following a reduction in the incidence of bovine disease on adopter farms, an increase in private net profits is observed. More importantly the social costs of supporting dairy farmers is reduced; the PAM effective protection coefficient was reduced by 35% for mastitis program adopters and by 44% for reproductive program adopters, indicating improved social efficiency of dairy policy. Other indicators of efficiency and policy implications are discussed.     

一次干电池中Hg对环境的污染及其处理方法分析

随着一次干电池消费量的日益扩大，其对环城的污染日益显现出来；从Hg污染的角度，分析了其迁移转化规律；提出了具有针对性的治理方案。     

Controlling agricultural nonpoint water pollution: costs of implementing the Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998⋆

The Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998 (WQIA) seeks to create environmental and other benefits to the Chesapeake Bay through reductions in nonpoint source nutrient pollution. This paper analyzes the economic impacts of the WQIA on agricultural users of nutrients (commercial fertilizers or animal manures) and on poultry growers in the state of Maryland. The net economic impacts to each of these groups are estimated along with some discussion of the distribution of the impacts. Recognition of the distribution of the impacts allows for the assessment of potential policies to address negative impacts. Additional sections of the WQIA are discussed in terms of their ability to shift the distribution of the impacts or to provide partial compensation to those most affected. The WQIA is the most restrictive agricultural nonpoint pollution control law in the US. While the WQIA only regulates nutrient use in the state of Maryland, other states, as well as the federal government, are watching how this law is implemented. Many states are considering similar laws. At the national level, the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Environmental Protection Agency have issued draft guidelines that will control nutrients from animal operations in much the same way as the WQIA. Therefore, analyses of the economic impacts of the WQIA may be important in shaping policies in other states and at the national level.     

Unawareness in environmental protection: The case of light pollution from traffic

New information is often emphasized as a basis of effective and scientifically sound environmental policy and management. However, outdated or incorrect information is not automatically nor instantly replaced by new insights. This article focuses on the various ways environmental information can be unintentionally left with insufficient attention or purposefully neglected. Energy-related emissions caused by road traffic in Finland are used as an illustrative example and light pollution caused by artificial lighting is identified as an emerging issue that has gained especially low recognition in the environmental agenda. Four different reasons for this lack of recognition are discussed: recognized unawareness, false awareness, deliberate unawareness and concealed awareness. Paying attention to light pollution is important because of various ecological, socio-cultural and economic effects but also because implementing measures aimed for reducing light pollution create possibilities for alleviating other social and environmental problems in transport and land use policies.     

水污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响

以芜湖市经济技术开发区为例,通过对比的方法。对5种不同水污染所造成的土壤动物群落结构的变化进行了取样调查,在5种生境中共取10个样方,获得土壤动物1333个。其中优势类群为螨、弹尾、蚯蚓和线蚓;由于水污染源的不同,各生境土壤动物的种类和教量也随之发生变化,土壤动物群落的多样性、均匀性、优势度几个重要指标存在很大差异。垂直分布出现逆分布现象。     

基于技术规程的水利水电工程移民监督评估实践

完善的监督监管体制和机制是水利水电工程移民安置项目有效实施的重要保障,移民监督评估技术规程的颁布,进一步规范了移民安置监督评估工作。结合G工程监督评估工作实例,通过水利水电工程移民安置实施工作、移民生产生活水平恢复监测等工作过程探究了技术规程的适用性和实践效果,丰富完善监督评估工作机制,为水利水电工程移民安置监督评估工作提供有效的经验分享及技术支持。     

地区重点企业水污染减排复合政策模拟研究

在水污染排放税和排放权交易市场并行的现实政策情景下,模拟复合政策对地区重点企业的排放权配置结构、产量、利润和社会福利的影响,并探索实现社会福利和企业创新减排利润同时最优的政策区间。研究发现:相比于排放税,企业利润对排放权价格变化更为敏感;企业最优的从市场取得的排放权相对于超排量的比例与利润之间呈倒U形关系;在排放税税率与排放权单价的价差较小,且排放税率略低于排放权价格时,可实现经济与环境的双赢。为了使复合政策的效率最大化,建议减排政策中应避免排放税和排放权同低或同高的情形。     

小流域水体污染对周边环境影响研究——以花溪河流域为例

流域水体污染问题目前已成为影响区域经济发展的一个热点问题;以花溪河流域重庆理工大学段为例,通过实地踏勘、问卷调查等方式,分析水体污染对周边环境的影响,并提出改善水质的措施;结果表明,沿线工业污染、农业污染和生活污染是导致该流域污染日趋严重的主要原因;花溪河水体污染对周边居民健康及经济发展带了严重影响;应从环保意识、执法力度及科学规划等方面着手。