Chinese Land Reform in Long-Run Perspective and in the Wider East Asian Context

The claims made by Griffin et al. for the impact of land reform in China are unconvincing. The land reform of 1947–52 did not lead to a pronounced increase in agricultural output. Nor was it egalitarian; indeed, but for the deliberate preservation of the rich peasant economy, growth might have been non-existent. The second land reform of 1981–3 was equally ineffectual. Agricultural growth had shifted on to a faster growth path before decol-lectivization, and the surge of 1980–4 was little more than a temporary response to decent weather, procurement price rises, the abandonment of the Dazhai system and a reduction in output under-reporting. Rural income inequality has been held in check since 1984 because of local government intervention, not because family farming is intrinsically egalitarian. China's experience of land reform is mirrored by those of other East Asian countries. A century of land reform has not resolved Japan's deep-seated agricultural problems, nor those of Taiwan and South Korea.     

加强东南亚农业合作开发的战略重点与布局研究

加强农业国际合作开发是中国特色农业现代化道路的重要组成部分,东南亚与我国合作开发地缘优势明显,是我国农业海外合作开发的重要首选区域。在国家\"一带一路\"的全球战略格局指导下,通过区域比较优势分析等方法,立足我国对粮食等大宗战略农产品的发展需求、东南亚各国的农业资源禀赋与合作意向,从提升我国农业国际竞争力和话语权的高度,系统谋划了东南亚地区农业合作开发的战略重点领域,确定以稻谷、天然橡胶、油棕榈、木薯、甘蔗和林业六大行业为合作重点,以提升原料掌控权和贸易话语权为关键环节,根据东南亚重要交通物流通道、资源禀赋和产业基础的区域差异,提出\"三线两区\"的合作开发总体布局。围绕各种合作有力推进,提出设立专项基金、加强金融支持、提升政府服务等政策建议保障,为我国政府与企业在东南亚地区长远战略合作的顶层设计提供重要依据和支撑。     

荷兰、以色列农业对贵州农业区域经济发展的借鉴

贵州农业总体滞后于全国的发展水平,除受整体的社会经济发展状况以及历史缘由等因素的影响外,主要还受制于自然资源和环境。而人多地少,农业资源贫乏的荷兰和以色列,农业发展条件受自然资源环境约束的程度更严重,该文通过农业生产结构、农业劳动生产率、土地生产率、劳动者等农业生产要素的资源配置及生产组织化程度等方面比荷兰、以色列的比较,总结借鉴发达国家发展农业的特色经验,思考贵州省农业区域经济的跨越式发展。     

Integrating the environmental and economic consequences of converting to organic agriculture: evidence from a case study

In the current debate about the future of food quality, the merits of organic agriculture are frequently championed, but few studies have sought to integrate the changes in soil conditions, biodiversity and socio-economic welfare linked to the conversion from non-organic to organic production. This article aims to undertake this approach with respect to one case study. Its conclusions may not be representative for all organic conversions, but the findings are of relevance at a time of debate over changing patterns of subsidies and other incentives in agricultural policy. The study showed that there were demonstrable differences in overall environmental conditions in the comparison of organic and non-organic farming, with field evidence of increased species diversity, and an eventual improvement in the profitability of the organic farming regime. The broad conclusion is that there are definite environmental and economic advantages arising from organic agriculture that are not fully reflected in the present pattern of agricultural incentives. The study also showed that variations in farm management practice strongly influence the notion of on-farm and off-farm environmental consequences. The implications of these findings for the future of sustainable agriculture and for interdisciplinary science are also discussed.     

章植与中国第一部《土地经济学》

研究目的：研究章植的生平及其所著《土地经济学》的价值。研究方法：通过文献分析,整理章植的生平,讨论其对土地经济学的贡献。研究结果：章植1930年出版的《土地经济学》是中国学者撰写的第一本土地经济学著作,有鲜明的中国特色,具有重大的学术价值。研究结论：章植及其《土地经济学》在中国土地经济学史上具有重要的地位。     

寻求我国农业产业化的新道路

建设社会主义新农村是构建和谐社会最为重要的内容。而解决\"三农\"问题的核心在于解决农业\"怎样生产\"的问题,即必须摆脱目前仍以家庭为作业单位、以土地的分散经营和农户自营的市场销售为主的农业生产方式,走农业产业化的道路。该文从国际经验的对比分析出发,论述了我国农业产业化发展的约束条件和积极因素,指出了当前我国农业产业化发展的重点和基本路径。     

中国灌溉农业发展——问题与挑战

中国灌溉农业发展面临的主要问题是农业水资源利用的低效率,表现为短缺与浪费并存。指出干旱缺水是中国粮食产量波动的主要原因,阐述水资源产权模糊、水价偏低、水工程设施产权模糊、分散的水行政管理以及农民用水过程中自主管理组织的缺乏是中国灌溉农业水资源利用效率低下的成因。对此,提出构造实施资源水利的制度环境、完善水资源管理制度、完善水资源政策、促进灌区水市场发展等提高灌溉管理效率的措施是未来中国灌溉农业发展的核心问题。     

More than energy transformations: a historical transition from organic to industrialized farm systems in a Mediterranean village (Les Oluges,Catalonia, 1860–1959–1999)

The analysis of energy efficiency of agroecosystems from a sociometabolic perspective is a useful way to assess the sustainability of farm systems. In this paper we examine the transition of a Mediterranean agroecosystem from an organic farm system in the mid nineteenth century to an industrialized one at the end of the twentieth century by means of the technologies and ideology of the Green Revolution. Given that many of the world’s agricultural systems have experienced, or are currently experiencing this transformation, our results are relevant for building more sustainable agricultural systems in future. Our results highlight the relevance of livestock density, and the flows of biomass reused and unharvested biomass as key elements affecting the sustainability of the agroecosystem not only from a socioeconomic perspective, but also from an agroecological point of view. Additionally, from a biocultural perspective our investigation sustains the relevance of the study of traditional farm systems for the development of a sustainable agriculture.     

中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间格局及分区研究

[目的]农业水资源脆弱性是指在自然条件变动或人为条件干扰的前提下,衡量农业水资源系统影响农业可持续发展能力的指标,其评价对于农业水资源管理至关重要。在自然、社会以及人类活动变化条件下,农业水资源脆弱性研究可以结合暴露度、敏感度和适应度综合表达,这为实现农业用水系统的高效运作提供可能。研究目的是分析中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间格局,并对其进行分区与评价,为农业水资源管理提供科学依据。[方法]以中亚为研究区,依据水资源脆弱性概念框架,从暴露度、敏感度和适应度等3个指标中选取18个指标建立农业水资源脆弱性指标体系,采用等权重法和主成分分析法确定指标权重,对1992—2017年中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间格局及分区进行研究。[结果](1)中亚农业水资源暴露度、敏感度、适应度和脆弱性空间差异显著。受作物生育期的降水量、平均气温和相对湿润度指数影响,农业水资源暴露度大致由西南向东北降低;农业水资源敏感度主要受农业用水比例和农田灌溉定额影响,表现为从南到北降低的变化;农业水资源适应度受农业水分生产率和施政效率影响较大,表现为从南到北逐渐升高的变化;农业水资源脆弱性主要受敏感度和适应度因素影响,表现为自东北向西南升高的趋势。(2)根据中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间分布特征,将其划分为北部微度脆弱区、中北部轻度脆弱区、中南部中度脆弱区、南部重度脆弱区和西南部极度脆弱区5个大区,根据各分区农业水资源脆弱性地理特征,提出未来发展方向和对策。[结论]由于农业水资源供需矛盾不断加剧、水资源利用效率较低导致农业水资源脆弱性较高,因此管理农业水资源和调整农业生产布局成为中亚农业发展的重要问题。     

关于中西部空间发展战略问题

阐述了中西部农业空间发展的３个战略,即传统农业空间发展战略,推行农村城市化等为主要内容的超时空农业空间发展战略及农村现代化的空间发展战略。重点讨论不宜在中西部提倡城市化“,提出了工作重心应转移,城镇建设要有科学规划和考虑可持续发展战略等对策。     

中国农业种植结构及演化的空间分布和原因分析

利用区位商的概念研究了17种农作物大类的空间分布和各地农业种植结构的演化,从自然因素和经济因素两方面解析了中国农业种植结构分布和变化的原因和动力。得出的主要结论为中国农业种植结构的空间分布主要是由自然条件决定的,而其分布的变化则主要是经济行为的结果;劳动力密集型的种植比重同人均土地资源的数量呈负相关,土地密集型的种植比重同人均土地资源的数量呈正相关;城镇化和人口发展决定了蔬菜生产的分布和变化,城镇化还影响着各地的复种指数的变化。提出政府应加强对各种农产品市场的状况分析和信息服务等对策。