Physician Incentives and Treatment Choice

I analyze the impact of physician competition for patients on treatment selection and an insurer's ability to induce its preferences through a supply‐side payment mechanism. Informed patients choose the physician whose treatment practice best fits their preferences, aligning physician incentives with patient preferences. An insurer's ability to counter these incentives is not monotonic in how informed patients are, however. When demand is either perfectly inelastic to treatment practices because patients are completely uninformed or a sufficient proportion of the market is informed relative to the number of physicians in the market, then an insurer can induce its preferences through supply‐side payment rules. Otherwise, more intensive policy levers such as utilization review must be employed. Programs that increase patient information can therefore improve the efficiency despite generating stronger incentive to treat according to patient preferences. I also explore how noisy signals of illness type and diagnostic testing further complicate the insurer's problem.     

论跟随型与领先型新产品开发战略

新产品开发战略是新产品开发能否成功的首要前提,企业选用新产品开发战略合理与否关系到企业新产品的竞争力,关系到企业新产品开发能否成功。从企业开发新产品的胆略以及所开发新产品的创新程度考虑,有跟随型新产品开发战略和领先型新产品开发战略,文章通过对这两种开发战略的优缺点、适用条件和应用情况的分析,总结出如何根据企业和市场的具体情况选用合适的新产品开发战略。     

东京的城市风格

城市发展目标　　城市最忌盲目发展。所谓盲目发展指的是把城市发展全方位纳入现代化的轨道。对于城市自身来说 ,现代化是一把双刃剑 ,一方面给城市带来硬件的繁荣 ;另一方面给城市带来软件的没落。这里硬件指谓设施与建筑 ,软件指谓城市的品味、风貌与人际关系。现代化像飓风一样扫除旧的存在 ,没有思想准备 ,很难抵挡。当城市现代化到一定程度之后 ,人们才会发现 :这一切原来是以牺牲传统为代价的。而传统又是城市品味、风貌与人际关系的载体与依托 ,丧失掉这些东西无异于丧失掉城市的魂。要避免盲目发展 ,重要的是制定城市的发展目标。东…     

Hospital Cost Inflation and Physician Payment*

Abstract . The hypothesis that physicians use control over hospital resources to maximize their net revenue is examined to determine whether such behavior leads to more rapid growth of hospital costs. Theoretical and empirical studies are reviewed and hypotheses are developed regarding the relationship of cost increases to the method of physician payment. Exploratory comparisons of increases in hospital cost per patient day are made between Health Maintenance Organizations with salaried practice and Medical Foundations with fee-for-service. The association of international differences in the rate of increase of hospital cost per day with method of physician payment is explored in an Appendix in the microfiche supplement.     

The dimensions of leadership style

Few people ever appraise their personal qualities and behavior patterns. Nor do they stop to examine the challenges and requirements of the broad array of managerial possibilities open to them. This means that managers seldom match their ambitions and abilities. The discipline this paper offers toward recognizing your leadership profile is the important first step to intelligent career-planning.     

Physician location and distribution: a social systems approach

A social systems model of the health services system serving the state of Indiana is presented. The model specifies the causal relationships hypothesized as existing among a set of social, demographic and economic variables known to be related to the supply of health manpower and facilities. Inclusion of feedback into the model as well as lagged values of physician supply variables permits the examination of the dynamic behavior of the social system over time. Estimates of the model parameters are based on data obtained from the U.S. census, the American Medical Association's physician distribution series and the annual guide issue of Hospitals, the journal of the American Hospital Association.Methods for deriving the reduced form and the final form of the structural model are presented along with the reduced and final form equations. These equations provide valuable information for policy decisions regarding the likely consequences of changes in the structure of the population and in the supply of health manpower and facilities. The structural and reduced forms of the model have been used to examine the likely consequences of several proposed policies that would affect the delivery of health services in the state of Indiana.     

我国现行医师培养制度分析

我国现有的医师培养制度历经医学院校教育、毕业后医学教育和继续医学教育三个阶段。其中,医学院校学历教育是根本,毕业后医学教育和继续教育能紧密结合医疗工作的实际需要,能有效提高医务人员素质,这两个阶段的教育是一名医学生成为能独立从事医疗职业活动的医师的必要措施,三个阶段相辅相成。但要对三个阶段存在的问题进行深入分析,并提出建议,为我国医师培养的制度化和法制化建设提供参考和借鉴。     

Management style and large scale survey evidence

In this article supposed differences in the way industrial relations is managed are examined in the light of evidence from the 1980 Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. The author, in considering the Survey's classification of management styles, finds little evidence to support the belief in distinctive differences in the way industrial relations is conducted.     

Privatization Bolivian style: a cautionary tale

This article examines the long term impacts of Bolivia's partial privatization of state‐owned enterprises, known as capitalization. Despite attempting to introduce an innovative social component to distribute the benefits of privatization to Bolivian citizens, the lack of an adequate government regulatory structure meant that capitalization was unable to meet most of its objectives. While foreign direct investment rose between 1995 and 2000, these investments created few jobs and the taxes paid by the privatized companies failed to replace the revenue they had previously provided to the government. Capitalization has not reduced corruption but, rather, shifted the locus of rent seeking from the public to the private sector. The perception of the privatization of public resources led to increased social protest and political instability. The cycle of protests culminated with the resignation of the president in October 2003 following protests that left over 70 civilians dead. Rather than create a climate favorable for free markets, capitalization served as a catalyst to mobilize popular protest against neoliberal restructuring and may threaten the neoliberal economic policies in Bolivia in the coming years. Cet article étudie les impacts à long terme de la privatisation partielle des entreprises publiques boliviennes, désignée par ‘capitalisation’. Malgré la tentative d'introduction d'une composante sociale originale visant à distribuer les bénéfices de la privatisation aux Boliviens, l'absence de structure régulatrice gouvernementale adéquate a empêché la ‘capitalisation’ d'atteindre la plupart de ses objectifs. Même si l'investissement direct de l'étranger a progressé entre 1995 et 2000, ces fonds ont créé peu d'emplois et les charges fiscales payées par les entreprises privatisées n'ont pas remplacé les recettes qu'elles apportaient auparavant au gouvernement. La ‘capitalisation’ n'a pas atténué la corruption, décalant plutôt la scène du parasitisme du secteur public vers le secteur privé. La perception de la privatisation des ressources publiques a accentué agitation sociale et instabilité politique. Le cycle de protestation a atteint son apogée avec la démission du Président en octobre 2003 après des manifestations ayant fait 70 morts parmi la population. Au lieu de créer un climat favorable à la liberté de marché, la ‘capitalisation’ a servi de catalyseur à la mobilisation de l'opposition populaire contre la reconstruction néolibérale, mettant ainsi en péril les politiques économiques néolibérales de la Bolivie dans les années à venir.     

Paternalist leadership style of the organizational trust

This study aims to evaluate the effect of paternalist administrators on the organizational trust of teachers working in their context. The notions of paternalist leadership style, trust, and organizational trust are explained based on literature. The study is based on qualitative research approach. Despite this, the short version of “Paternalist Leadership Scale”, developed by Cheng in 2004 and a short version prepared in 2014 is used initially. Administrators with paternalist leadership characteristic were established with the help of this scale. Later, open ended questions, developed by the authors, were asked to teachers in the schools as organizations of those administrators with the aim of establishing their “trust for the administrator and for the organization”. The sample of the research was made up of 30 teachers working at 5 primary schools of the North Cyprus Ministry of National Education during the 2016–2017 school year. It was observed in the findings that in the eyes of the teachers social characteristics of individuals were most important in creating and enhancing the feeling of trust. In addition, it was observed that personal characteristics were some of the defining factors in developing trust. The conclusion was reached that teachers working with paternalist administrators had positive communications with school administrators and colleagues, and that they carried out their relationships within the rules of good manners and kindness. Again, in the eyes of teachers, it was established that paternalist administrators were eager to renew themselves. Finally, paternalist administrators were found, with a high percentage, to be quite qualified in establishing organizational trust. In conclusion, based on the findings of this study, it can be said that administrators with paternal leadership qualities are qualified in creating organizational trust; therefore, it will be important to train administrators in developing their paternal leadership styles.     

新型物流中心助跑吉野家

2008年,吉野家新建的北京物流配送中心开始运行,其高品质的冷链设施和先进的流程控制在餐饮连锁业界堪称典范.吉野家北京物流中心由北京启达乔泰咨询有限公司设计规划,北京华源之星房地产公司建设管理,北京吉野家快餐有限公司常年租赁使用.     

论语体在语法研究中的作用

语体是特定的话语领域跟特定的语言表达方式相结合而形成的固定化的语言使用样式。从语法研究的角度看,语体是一个层级系统,同时又是一个原型范畴。口语语体和书面语语体有着重大的语法差别,在语法研究中必须增强语体意识,正确区分不同层次的语法现象,分别加以研究,才能得出科学的结论。     

Managerial style in cost asymmetry and shareholder value

We show that CEOs' contribution to SG&A cost asymmetry is associated with lower shareholder value. CEO-related excess SG&A cost stickiness of CEOs with compensation less tied to shareholder value creation and high power drive this association. Last, we provide first evidence that cost asymmetry incorporates a harmful element to the firm and shareholders, namely CEO-related excess SG&A cost asymmetry.