The missing pillar: the creativity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship

Knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and the prevailing theory of economic growth treat opportunities as endogenous and generally focus on opportunity recognition by entrepreneurs. New knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers enabling inventors and entrepreneurs to commercialize it. This article discusses that knowledge spillover entrepreneurship depends not only on ordinary human capital, but more importantly also on creativity embodied in creative individuals and diverse urban environments that attract creative classes. This might result in self-selection of creative individuals into entrepreneurship or enable entrepreneurs to recognize creativity and commercialize it. This creativity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship is tested utilizing data on European cities.     

江苏省人力资本、物质资本对经济增长的影响研究 ——基于向量自回归模型

江苏省当前的重要目标是实现经济的高质量增长。针对人力资本、物质资本以及二者之间的协调性来讨论其对于江苏省经济增长的影响,在梳理影响经济增长机理的基础上,依据江苏省1988-2018年的时间序列数据,通过构建向量自回归方程,对江苏省人力资本、物质资本与经济增长进行计量研究。研究表明,在不同的时间维度上,人力资本、物质资本均有促进经济增长作用,但效率有差异,基于此研究结论提出相关政策建议。     

智力外流、人力资本积累与经济增长——基于我国省级面板数据的实证研究

本文利用2001-2010年的中国省级面板数据,采用系统广义矩估计的方法,就智力外流通过作用于人力资本积累对流出国经济增长的影响进行实证检验。研究结果显示:(1)中国智力外流通过激励人力资本形成与积累显著促进了国内的经济增长;(2)内陆欠发达地区智力外流的人力资本激励效应的边际作用比较大,而沿海发达地区人力资本影响经济增长的效果更强,总体来看,智力外流的经济增长效应在沿海发达地区更加明显;(3)通过引入交互项,本文还发现智力外流通过人力资本激励效应对经济增长的影响随智力流动规模的扩大而提高,进一步引发对中国最优智力外流水平的思考。     

中国—新西兰部分农产品贸易竞争与合作研究

本文运用显示性比较优势指数分析了中新两国在农业中的园艺产品和乳制品及蛋类这两大类产品中的竞争与合作关系,并对双方的互补性产品进行了贸易强度分析,结果表明两国互补性产品的贸易关系不够紧密,尚存贸易进一步开拓的空间;基于此,本文对中新自由贸易区的建立提出了相应的对策建议。     

FDI与国内资本投资对经济增长影响效率的比较——基于我国转型期的一个实证研究

研究我国转型期经济增长效率,必须从我国转型期的基本特征入手,从对我国经济增长的统计分析中可知,资本因素是推动我国经济增长的最显著因素,在分析资本形成和资本效率的过程中,必须全面考察资本的各项来源和构成。本研究就是把资本投资效率与我国经济转型期的特征结合起来,通过把资本细化为外商直接投资、国有资本投资和非国有资本(民营资本)投资三类来进一步探究该问题。     

中国经济结构变革与资本存量的动态估计——基于财政学视角的一个初步考察

当前资本存量估算的一个重要不足是假定资本和折旧变化平稳,这无法反映中国经济发展过程中巨大的结构变迁。本文引入状态空间方程,采用将资本存量和折旧定义为观测信号的方式,使之可以反映中国经济结构性变迁的影响,从而改变了以往的投资和折旧平稳性假定。研究结果表明,中国持续的制度变革和国有企业改革、乃至经济波动等均对经济结构产生重要影响,导致中国资本存量和折旧并不像西方成熟市场经济体系下那样平稳,而是随着经济结构变革出现剧烈波动。空间状态方程估算的信号序列很好地反映了这种波动。因此,基于卡尔曼滤波对中国经济结构变革中资本存量和折旧的估算,更加符合中国现实经济发展状况,同时也充分表明,伴随着经济结构的变革,资本存量和折旧的变化是一个动态过程。     

Policy Support for Women Entrepreneurs’ Access to Financial Capital: Evidence from Canada,Germany, Ireland,Norway, and the United States

This cross‐country study documents policies and practices designed to increase women entrepreneurs’ access to financial capital in Canada, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and the United States. Drawing on feminist theory, we examine assumptions of policy alongside the eligibility criteria, rules and regulations of practices. Our findings reveal that four of the five country policies examined were predicated on a neo‐liberal perspective that positions women entrepreneurs as economic assets. We offer insights into opportunities for modernizing policies and practices in ways that will enhance the legitimacy of a more diverse array of women entrepreneurs and increase their access to financial capital.     

中国和新西兰货物贸易:动态和展望

2008年4月7日《中华人民共和国政府和新西兰政府自由贸易协定》正式签订。本文在概述中新两国贸易规模和产品结构的基础上,对双边的市场紧密程度和贸易互补性进行研究。结果表明:中新互为重要的贸易伙伴,新西兰是中国农产品重要的进口来源地,中国是新西兰工业品进口的重要市场,但双边紧密程度有所弱化。中国与新西兰之间存在持久的产业间贸易互补性,这种互补性在不同行业和国别上存在差异。     

Social capital dynamics and foreign market entry

This paper explores the dynamics of social capital in 121 new foreign market entries (FMEs) of 24 Swedish and New Zealand small- to medium-sized enterprises in the early and later phases of their internationalization. Its main contribution is the systematic assessment of the roles and forms of social capital over time and across countries, thus providing greater insight into the social capital concept. We separate social capital into efficacy and serendipity roles (economic dimension) and direct and indirect relationships (structural dimension). Efficacious and direct social capital is associated with early FMEs, while serendipitous and indirect social capital is more prevalent with later FMEs, indicating that social capital changes with (and is dependent on) FME. Moreover, while geographical proximity does not appear to affect the economic dimension of social capital, it is important for the structural dimension.     

The role of entrepreneurial capital in building service reputation

This paper uses theories of capital to discuss the impact of non-financial capital on small service firm reputation and performance. As the success of service firms is predicated on the ability to develop relationships and build reputation with key stakeholders, theories of capital provide a relevant conceptual framework for exploring the use of non-financial capital in building such relationships. Drawing on findings from a qualitative study, this paper discusses the economic, human, social, and symbolic capital of a matched-pairs sample of male and female entrepreneurs in the business services sector. The results highlight a relationship between symbolic capital and service reputation. Specifically, the interplay between economic, human, and social capital generates the symbolic capital relevant for service reputation and firm performance.     

Workplace Union–Management Partnership: Prospects for Diffusion of Contemporary British Approaches in New Zealand

The level of interest in workplace union–management partnership (WUMP) in Britain in recent years contrasts markedly with New Zealand experience. The characteristics of contemporary notions of WUMP are discussed before considering how it has developed in the UK and examining the historical New Zealand experience with more co-operative models of union–management engagement. With this backdrop, we consider the factors that may explain why there are differences between NZ and Britain in this style of industrial relations. The small scale of New Zealand enterprise (and of unions) and the absence in New Zealand of EU politics and regulation are seen as the major factors in any explanation.     

Reciprocity,associability and cartelisation: Organisational development of the New Zealand Shipowners’ Federation, 1906–1960s

But for the reciprocity garnered early by the New Zealand Shipowners’ Federation, its organisational life-chances would have been curtailed. Reciprocity-based cooperation sustained the Federation until member bonds gelled and strong membership incentives could be offered. Although the Federation subsequently fixed prices and spawned a shipping cartel, forceful external constraints limited its ability to extract economic rents from shippers and prompted it to enhance member efficiency. While this end state is not uncommon, the Federation's atypical developmental pathway affords two insights. Firstly, reciprocity can function as a ‘starting mechanism’ for industry associations with few selective incentives. Secondly, government regulations can evoke cartel-like behaviour by an association at the same time as they limit its ability to raise prices.     

How does entrepreneurs' social capital hinder new business development? A relational embeddedness perspective

While most studies argue that, relational embeddedness, one facet of social capital, facilitates the obtaining process of scarce resources, our study cautions that it may exert negative impacts. This study examines the underlying process about how shared cognition influences new business development. Results from a survey on entrepreneur social network in China demonstrate that strong ties bring decision-making constraints for entrepreneurs to bear, while trust helps to lessen such restriction. Additionally, shared cognition should not become a preferred standard for entrepreneurs in choosing their network members, because simply relying on the intermediate role of tie strength engenders dark sides. Implications for research as well as for practice are discussed.     

Shopping on the Internet–Online Purchase Behavior of New Zealand Consumers

ABSTRACT

The Internet provides an evolving channel for both business people and consumers to achieve their mutual aims. The rapid growth of Internet users in New Zealand provides a developing prospect for E-marketers. New Zealand has literate, educated, technology savvy “netizens” who are willing to spend time and money over the Internet. If E-marketers know the demographics of online New Zealand purchasers and the relationships between these demographics and online buyers' behavior, then they can further develop their marketing strategies to convert potential customers into active ones, while retaining the existent online customers. This paper provides an insight into the demographic profile of New Zealand's online purchasers. Some implications are also provided in this research.     

New Zealand Human Capital Development and Structural Reform

Between 1983 and 1997 New Zealand has undergone major economic and labour market changes moving it from one of the most protected economies and labour markets in the world into one of the most open. During the same period the vocational education and training infrastructure was largely abandoned. In 1992 after a four year gap, major initiatives were put in place to allow a voluntary, industry based, human capital development strategy to grow. This article looks at the historical position of education and training and attempts to evaluate the success of the new approach—suggesting the main human capital initiatives are proving successful when combined with economic reform.     

中国与新西兰水果及加工品贸易竞争性与互补性测算

随着中国-新西兰自由贸易区谈判的逐步深入,中-新水果及加工品贸易必将取得更迅速的发展。援引FAO数据,运用贸易竞争指数,测定中新双方的竞争性和互补性水果产品及其排序。在当前贸易条件下,新方潜在的年额外收益空间要显著地超出中方,并且,中方的互补性优势在加工品贸易中,而新方的互补性优势在鲜果贸易中,这与一般的认识是相反的。今后中国的水果及加工品生产与贸易应采取相应对策在出口量和新品种上争取更大突破。     

Brand image,cultural association and marketing: ‘New Zealand’ butter and lamb exports to Britain,c. 1920–1938

Abstract

This article examines the branding and marketing strategies of New Zealand Producers Boards which were established in the early 1920s to coordinate the export of butter and lamb to Britain. The brand ‘New Zealand’ featured prominently in the promotion of lamb exports to Britain, whereas much more emphasis was placed on the ‘Anchor’ brand for butter. Because the ‘Mother Country’ was by far the biggest single export market for New Zealand butter and lamb, the branding and marketing activities of the Boards emphasised the strong cultural affinity that existed between Britain and New Zealand. Drawing on the relevant branding and marketing literature, the Boards’ annual reports, and reports by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, we show that ‘New Zealand’ and ‘Anchor’ conveyed the fundamental message of a shared British identity.     

The missing link: knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth

The intellectual breakthrough contributed by the new growth theory was the recognition that investments in knowledge and human capital endogenously generate economic growth through the spillover of knowledge. However, endogenous growth theory does not explain how or why spillovers occur. This paper presents a model that shows how growth depends on knowledge accumulation and its diffusion through both incumbents and entrepreneurial activities. We claim that entrepreneurs are one missing link in converting knowledge into economically relevant knowledge. Implementing different regression techniques for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during 1981 to 2002 provides surprisingly robust evidence that primarily entrepreneurs contributed to growth and that the importance of entrepreneurs increased in the 1990s. A Granger test confirms that causality goes in the direction from entrepreneurs to growth. The results indicate that policies facilitating entrepreneurship are an important tool to enhance knowledge diffusion and promote economic growth.     

经济全球化与中国工业化腾飞

目前中国的工业化腾飞与经济全球化紧密相连.在中国开拓市场,就无异于进入了国际市场,也就是在与国际资本进行激烈竞争.在中国的工业化腾飞阶段,中国的企业家要培养全球化意识;在中国实现工业化之时,中国的企业家更要具有全球化意识.只有这样,才能在经济全球化之中将中国的企业做大做强,才能将中国的工业化产业做大做强.经济的全球化也是资本的全球化.在经济全球化的大背景下,中国的资本市场必须更加对外开放,这既是中国经济对外开放的最新要求和中国经济进入全球化运动的关键举措,也是中国在工业化腾飞阶段更好地履行加入世界贸易组织协议的基本要求.