The internationalisation of the RMB: New starts,jumps and tipping points

We investigate the process of currency internationalisation of the Chinese Renminbi (RMB). Aggregated cross-border data provided by the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) allows better measurement of the role played by a currency in trade and settlement. RMB transactions are significant and increasing but remain concentrated in key financial centres. Analysis using an asset pricing framework shows that the footprint of Chinese corporations in international markets has at times been significant, with the size of these transactions prompting many to reassess the likely pace of RMB internationalisation and its usage as an alternate vehicle currency.     

Getting Cinderella to the ball: putting education at the heart of financial education

The recent banking collapse has called into question all activity related to financial services, from regulation to consumer protection, to financial education. Since the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development's 2005 ‘Recommendations on Principles and Good Practices for Financial Education and Awareness’, there has been an increase in financial education activity, yet the world is a different place. The role of financial education, its scope and its potential, must now be critically analysed to help ensure its efficacy in supporting financial rectitude in challenging times. The authors draw on several years’ experience in the design and delivery of financial education programmes and debt prevention interventions, informed by their perspective as educationalists. In this theoretical commentary, they seek to influence the discourse on financial education, and position education as a foundational discipline in financial education. The authors identify potential risk to the future of financial education, engaging with the literature that questions the validity of financial education as an endeavour in consumer protection, which points to the dearth of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness, and which queries the efficacy of resourcing such initiative development. They argue that financial education focused on consumption cannot serve the citizen; rather, financial education must be rooted in the needs of the individual. Through these analyses, the authors highlight areas of further research, which when undertaken, can lead to more effective outcomes for all. This article introduces the concept of financial edification as an approach to financial education, predicated on the needs of the individual. In repositioning financial education as a pedagogical endeavour, the article asserts that financial education, when not driven by education, cannot achieve its true potential; it is time for Cinderella to go to the ball.     

Securitization: A Financing Vehicle for All Seasons?

Securitization is considered to be one of the biggest financial innovations of the last century. It is also regarded as both a catalyst and a solution to the 2008 financial crisis. Once a popular method of financing the mortgage and consumer credit markets, aspects of the global securitization market are now struggling to revive. In this paper, I discuss the role that ethics played in securitization prior to the 2008 financial crisis and find that it is not an obvious story of moral failures, but rather that it lies in more subtle elements of the financial system. The ethics uncertainty role in the securitization story is one of flawed incentives and the shifting of responsibility for handling risk. The role of securitization and the ethics of risk transfer have rarely been discussed explicitly in the literature. The historical origins of securitization and lessons learned from previous flawed uses of the process are also provided. I also detail the various global institutional reform proposals that have taken place. Moving forward, it is crucial to understand the causes, consequences, and ethical implications of securitization in the financial crisis so as to help individuals and managers better assess risk, align incentives, and design appropriate policy responses.     

The road to currency internationalization: Global perspectives and chinese experience

This paper studies international currency use in financial transactions. A currency becomes international when it circulates outside of its issuing country, and advances to vehicle currency status if used by non-residents. With currency information from the SWIFT dataset, we estimate a gravity model to explain the geographical distribution of international currency use. A higher level of economic integration and stable macroeconomic conditions increase the international use of major currencies such as USD and EUR. Merchandise trade and portfolio investment are most helpful in increasing the direct use of currency, while foreign direct investment (FDI) has a stronger effect on promoting vehicle use. Merchandise trade improves the intensity of the global use of the Chinese renminbi (RMB), while FDI increases the number of its users. The policy effect on RMB internationalization is significant only in enhancing the intensity of direct use. Furthermore, the global use of RMB is decreasing by distance, implying that its role is more regional. We recommend outward FDI through the Belt and Road Initiative to further promote RMB internationalization.     

金融电子化对我国金融监管的挑战与思考

我国金融电子化在经历了后台电子化、前台电子化之后,目前已进入了以网络开发为标志的技术集成化应用阶段。随着商业银行综合业务处理、资金汇兑、银行卡等电子应用系统的建立,金融业的面貌为之一新。但是,人们在享受了金融电子化带来的金融效率的同时,又面临了一个全新的金融监管课题,即如何处理新的金融活动方式与陈旧的金融监管模式的摩擦与冲突。在这一背景下,我国金融监管面临的问题与挑战,促使中央银行必须采取相应对策。     

金融发展应成为构建“十一五”经济发展机制的核心内容

在中国这样具有发展中和转轨中双重特征的国家，经济发展机制具有更加重要的意义。改革开放以来我国东南沿海地区的经验表明，形成良好的金融支持体系对于经济发展尤其是内生性经济发展至关重要。目前全国大部分地区金融发展滞后已经成为制约经济发展的重要因素，“十一五”时期，应该把金融发展和金融体系创新提上重要日程，作为构建经济发展机制的关键和核心内容。制定明确有序的金融发展规划，全面深化金融体制发展与改革，积极重建地方性金融服务体系，改变金融发展滞后对经济发展的不利影响，创造良好的经济发展环境和机制。     

Makroprudenzielle Politik

The aim of macroprudential policy is to oversee financial stability and to safeguard the stability of the financial system. Systemic risk arises if distressed financial institutions put the stability of the entire financial system at risk, thus impairing its functioning and the provisioning of services to the real economy, with negative implications for economic growth. Macroprudential policy aims at increasing the overall resilience of the financial system by monitoring the allocation of risk in the financial system and by preventing the build-up of excessive risks. In the aftermath of the crisis, new institutions were established and macroprudential instruments were created. Responsibility for macroprudential policy is located mostly at the national level. Due to its international dimension it is embedded into a network of international institutions     

Adam Smith and the Political Economy of a Modern Financial Crisis

Financial crises have occurred periodically for hundreds of years, and Adam Smith had important insights into their causes. Although by no means all that we know about such crises has been derived from Smith, it is interesting and important to reflect on what he did know and how ignoring his warnings about the creation of excess liquidity has contributed to the current crisis. In addition to the complexity of contemporary finance and the role of central banks and other regulatory institutions, a major difference between Smith's day and ours is the emergence of “moral hazard” as an important policy issue and its corollary, “immoral results.” It is important to realize that the risks of financial crisis, moral hazard, and immoral results cannot be avoided by financial and accounting gimmicks, and that there is no substitute for adequate capital in the creation of liquidity.     

试论ERP环境下的财务管理信息系统

企业的资金流状况 ,是企业运营效果和效率的衡量和表现 ,也是ERP实施管理的重要对象。而财务管理则是围绕资金流来组织财务活动、处理各方面财务关系的一项经济管理工作 ,因而建立和完善财务管理信息系统是成功实施ERP的重要步骤。本文阐述了财务管理信息系统的目标和应用环境 ,指出了它在ERP环境下所具有的特点 ,并结合目标和应用环境深入剖析了它的架构 ,旨在为财务管理信息系统的开发与设计提供一种思路。     

临时仲裁在我国金融仲裁机制中的引入分析

我国临时仲裁机制的缺失带来了种种弊端,作为完善路径的选择,我国可以采用"试点方式"逐步将临时仲裁机制引入仲裁体系。当前金融仲裁方兴未艾,金融纠纷解决的特性及其对临时仲裁的需求,使得金融仲裁成为进行临时仲裁"试点"工作的适当领域。在具体制度构建方面,可从临时金融仲裁的法律地位与基本原则、仲裁协议内容与效力、仲裁员选任与监督、与仲裁机构的支持及法院对临时金融仲裁的监督等方面进行。     

Central Banks and Macroeconomic Ambidexterity

The financial crisis of 2008 led to questions of whether monetary policy alone was sufficient to stabilise the macroeconomy and the financial system. The result has been an emphasis on macroprudential financial regulation to act in tandem with monetary policy. This article describes the emergence of macroprudential policy, how historical financial crises might have been mitigated had it been in place, and its ambidexterity with monetary policy as twin instruments for macroeconomic stabilisation.     

产业融合背景下理财旅游的市场开发策略研究

理财旅游产品将是我国一个即将兴起而且具有旺盛生命力的新型旅游产品,是旅游产业和居民理财活动发展到一定阶段的必然趋势和选择。理财旅游产品在性质上属于一种以理财为主题的特色专题旅游产品,产品构成中理财是主要活动内容,旅游是辅助活动内容。开发理财旅游产品有机遇、有市场、易操作、易互补,具备市场开发可行性。具体开发时可以采用理念引导、联合开发、品牌促动等策略。     

A methodology for managing risk in electronic transactions over the Internet

The explosive growth of the Internet has made possible an economic transformation in which commerce will become largely electronic. In this vision, the medium of communication and negotiation becomes a distributed network of computers equipped with robust, secure and trusted “cash” mechanisms. It is thus of paramount importance to design mechanisms that will ensure timely and reliable transactions in cyberspace. In this paper we present a methodology for quantitatively managing the risk and cost of executing transactions in a distributed network environment by exploiting an analogy with modern financial portfolio theory. We illustrate the methodology with several concrete examples under different pricing schemes, as well as with empirical measurements of Internet traffic. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

坚持对外开放加快金融业发展

本文认为,目前我国金融业对外开放政策更加透明,开放步伐更加稳定有序,扩大了金融市场对外开放的范围。在银行业方面,按照承诺开放了外资银行经营人民币业务的地域限制和业务限制,完全取消了外资银行经营外汇业务的地域和客户限制。在证券业方面,不仅严格履行了关于证券业开放的有关承诺,而且在进一步扩大证券市场对外开放方面进行了探索。在保险业方面,地域和业务范围已基本实现全面对外开放。在金融市场方面,积极引进国际金融机构,稳步扩大金融市场对外开放。文章提出,金融业的对外开放给我国金融业带来了先进的金融技术、金融服务方式和金融产品设计理念,加快推动了国内金融全方位的创新进程,一是促进国内金融组织体系的创新;二是促进金融产品创新,丰富投资人选择;三是促进金融交易工具和方式创新,深化了金融市场功能;四是促进外汇市场产品和交易创新;五是促进金融服务理念和手段的创新。     

集中与协同——网络财务的精髓

管理型财务软件、因特网以及电子商务的兴起,将网络财务这一崭新的模式引入财务管理,并成为财务领域研究的热点问题。网络财务有时间、空间和效率三重特征,引发了财务管理模式的变革,其精髓体现为集中管理与协同业务,将呈现网络财务与管理信息系统和电子商务融合的发展趋势。     

Socially Responsible Investing in the United States

Socially responsible investing (SRI) has emerged in recent years as a dynamic and quickly growing segment of the U.S. financial services industry involving over $2 trillion in professionally managed assets. Its conceptual origins can be found in the early history of civilization, with it's modern roots in the 1960s. This paper provides an overview of the breadth and depth of the concept and practice of socially and environmentally responsible investing, describes the investment strategies that together define SRI as currently practiced in the U.S., offers several observations about some of the factors fueling its dramatic growth, and presents data showing that investors who choose to invest in a socially and environmentally responsible manner can do so without giving up investment returns. SRI has matured to a point where virtually any investment need can be met through portfolio design that integrates an investor's personal values, institutional mission, and/or social priorities.The socially responsible investment industry in the UnitedStates is a young phenomenon. Even referring to it as an "industry" ten years ago may have been a bit of a stretch. While it has grown dramatically in recent years, it is an area of work, of study and of practical application that continues to evolve in many significant ways.One intriguing example of the ongoing development of the field can be found in the analysis of the language used to describe it. The terms social investing, socially responsible investing, ethical investing, socially aware investing, socially conscious investing, green investing, values-based investing, and mission-based or mission-related investing all refer to the same general process and are often used interchangeably.     

证券设计理论的发展及其新释

证券设计理论是近年来金融经济学最重要的理论前沿之一。国内对其研究还处于起步阶段,国外对其研究虽有较长的历史,但对证券设计理论定义的界定及研究的范围缺乏详细阐述。本文从证券设计理论的起源及发展出发,给出了证券设计理论完整的定义,并界定了其研究的主要内容,旨在探讨证券设计理论研究的今后发展方向。     

Achieving low-cost UMTS networks via pricing

One of the main concerns of mobile operators towards deployment of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks is the investment cost. The costly radio access network, based on the network equipment required in a service area, prevents incumbents and new entrants from upgrading or building a new UMTS network. In this article, a novel, low-cost approach to the UMTS radio access network design is proposed. The approach employs the use of pricing incentives. This approach is based on the assumption that a pricing mechanism is in place to control excessive traffic load during peak periods. By incorporating this assumption into the network design, the network designer is able to relax certain design parameters, which may contribute to significant savings in equipment cost. Investigation is focused on the UMTS coverage and capacity planning, using the Net Present Value (NPV) financial analysis. For certain price-sensitivity levels, the analysis indicates that this approach provides a suitable strategy for mobile operators to comfortably move forward with UMTS upgrade and gain competitive edge in the wireless market.     

Inference for large financial systems

We treat the parameter estimation problem for mean‐field models of large interacting financial systems such as the banking system and a pool of assets held by an institution or backing a security. We develop an asymptotic inference approach that addresses the scale and complexity of such systems. Harnessing the weak convergence results developed for mean‐field financial systems in the literature, we construct an approximate likelihood for large systems. The approximate likelihood has a conditionally Gaussian structure, enabling us to design an efficient numerical method for its evaluation. We provide a representation of the corresponding approximate estimator in terms of a weighted least‐squares estimator, and use it to analyze the large‐system and large‐sample behavior of the estimator. Numerical results for a mean‐field model of systemic financial risk highlight the efficiency and accuracy of our estimator.