共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 718 毫秒
1.
In The Art of Not Being Governed (2009), Scott revises the state generated narratives of the hill people of Zomia which describes them as an aboriginal population
that have simply failed to become more civilized. As an alternative, Scott views hill peoples as state-repelling societies
or even anti-state societies. As we suggest in this article, by at least implicitly employing a rational choice framework,
Scott is able to make sense why people would attempt to avoid being state subjects by taking to the hills as well as why their
descendants have remained in the hills. 相似文献
2.
The Art of Not Being Governed illustrates that the people of highland South East Asia were not primitive people “left behind” but instead chose their lifestyles
in order to avoid the predation of lowland states. This raises the question of how these people who are ungoverned by nation
states provide governance for themselves. We explore this question with two related case studies. One examines a nineteenth
century Southern Indian banking caste that provided self-governance. The other examines modern-day stateless Somalia. 相似文献
3.
The process aimed at discovering new ideas is an economic activity the returns from which are intrinsically uncertain. We
extend the neo-Schumpeterian growth framework to investigate the role of strong uncertainty in the innovative process. In particular, we postulate that, when deciding upon R&D efforts, investors hold ‘ambiguous
beliefs’ about the exact probability of arrival of the next vertical innovation, and that they face ambiguity via the α −MEU decision rule (Ghirardato et al., J Econ Theory 118:133–173, 2004). Along the balanced growth path, the higher the agent’s ambiguity aversion (α), the lower the R&D efforts and the economic performance. Consistent with cross-country empirical evidence, this causal mechanism
suggests that, together with the profitability conditions of the economy, different ‘cultural’ attitudes towards ambiguity
may help explain the different R&D efforts observed across countries. 相似文献
4.
Joseph T. Salerno 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(1):1-16
Carl Menger pioneered a unique theoretical research method which served as the foundation of the early Austrian school of
economics. Menger’s causal-realist analysis was revived and formalized just before and after World War 2 by Ludwig von Mises
as the “praxeological method.” Murray Rothbard, a student of von Mises’, utilized the method in formulating a comprehensive
system of economic theory in his treatise, Man Economy, and State published in the early 1960s. Rothbard’s treatise became the foundational work for the “Austrian revival” in the 1970s. In
this paper, we address several issues related to the role of Menger’s method in modern economics. First, ample evidence is
adduced that von Mises and Rothbard each expressed a surprising ambivalence with respect to his own work in relation to the
early Austrian school. Second, von Mises viewed Rothbard’s treatise as beginning a new epoch in economic theory. Third, contrary
to the conventional view, a careful analysis of his treatise shows that Rothbard drew heavily on the contemporary neoclassical
literature in developing his theoretical system and that his intent was never to set up a heterodox movement to challenge
mainstream economics. Rather, his main aim was to consistently apply the praxeological method to rescue economics from what
he considered the alien methodology of positivism, which was imported into economics after World War 2. Lastly, I will tentatively
suggest that the term “Austrian economics” as the designation for the intellectual movement that coalesced in the early 1970s
may now have outlived its usefulness. This term, which initially served an important strategic purpose in promoting the revival
of the broad Mengerian tradition, may have come to obscure the meaning and importance of the praxeological research paradigm
that Menger originated. 相似文献
5.
Edward McPhail 《European Journal of Political Economy》2005,21(4):1000-1011
Hilaire Belloc's The Servile State is often seen as an antisocialist tract arguing that “socialism is slavery.” It is typically assumed that an appreciation and defense of free market capitalism, as well as a general dislike of government intervention must motivate the its thesis. Nevertheless The Servile State is an argument against what Belloc saw as unbridled capitalism not collectivism. Belloc defines capitalism to mean a state in which there is a skewed distribution of wealth in society where the majority of people are dispossessed, proletariat, and a minority makes up the capitalist, property owning class. For Belloc capitalism is an inherently unstable system and servile measures arise to ameliorate insecurity and instability. 相似文献
6.
Koichi Kawamoto 《Economic Theory》2009,39(2):269-289
Using an overlapping generations model, this paper investigates the implications of status-seeking behavior, induced by preferences
for relative income, for the evolution of income inequality. When average income rises, an individual’s marginal utility of
their own income may increase (keeping up with the Joneses, or KUJ), or decrease (running away from the Joneses, or RAJ). It is shown that income inequality is shrinking over time in the KUJ economy, whereas it is expanding in the RAJ
economy. We also explore the implications for long-run growth and inequality, in the existence of both KUJ and RAJ agents.
I am truly grateful to Koichi Futagami for his encouragement and guidance in writing this paper. I have benefitted from comments
by an anonymous referee, Been-Lon Chen, Giacomo Corneo, Akiomi Kitagawa, Kazuo Mino, Kazuhiro Yuki, and seminar participants
at Osaka University, the 2006 Japanese Economic Association Autumn Meeting at Osaka City University, the Far Eastern Meeting
of Econometric Society 2007 at Taipei, SER Conference 2007 at Singapore, and the European Meeting of Econometric Society 2007 at
Budapest. All remaining errors are, of course, my own. The financial support from JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists
is greatly acknowledged. 相似文献
7.
This paper suggests that the intellectual origins of the visionunderlying Schumpeter's evolving theory of economic developmentcan in significant measure be traced to Hegel. Like Hegel, Schumpeteridentified two essential moments in historythe preservationof the existing order or circular flow, on theone hand, and its destruction and replacement by a new orderor development, on the other. Like Hegel, Schumpetersaw change being effected by individuals who grasped what wasessentially new and developing in the particular historicalcircumstances of their own age. 相似文献
8.
N. E. Sofronidis 《Economic Theory》2008,34(2):395-399
Our purpose in this article is to prove that given any integer n ≥ 2 and any non-empty compact Polish spaces S
1, ..., S
n
, if for any u ∈ C( S
1 × ... × S
n
, R)
n
, we denote by MNE(u) the set of mixed Nash equilibria of (S
1, ..., S
n
, u), then MNE(u) is a non-empty compact subset of P(S
1) × ... × P(S
n
) and if u
k
→ u in C(S
1 × ... × S
n
, R)
n
as k → ∞, then lim sup
k → ∞ MNE (u
k
) MNE(u).
The author would like to thank the referee for offering critical comments on this paper. 相似文献
9.
Synopsis Humans have a rational reason to seek out and selectively play Prisoner’s Dilemma games with others who (for whatever reason)
will play cooperatively, while avoiding those who will defect. It follows that they also have reason to try and persuade others
that they will personally cooperate if a game is joined (using the term from Evolutionary Psychology, to ‘manipulate’ others’ beliefs) and, thus, to penetrate to the truth
underlying such efforts (to ‘mindread’ others intentions). We develop an economic model of mindreading and manipulation that
can govern exchange relationships in natural circumstances, and report laboratory data showing that, absent constraining institutions
that make play with cooperators likely, intending defectors are more likely to be chosen as partners than are intending cooperators. Intending defectors’ efforts at manipulation appear to be
more successful than their potential victims’ efforts at mindreading. The findings suggest the nature of the problem that
must be addressed for would-be traders in the absence of well-enforced rules governing contracts, and we discuss the patterns
of behavior that are likely responses in such circumstances. 相似文献
10.
Financial literacy has become a prominent item on the public agenda worldwide, with its relevance very much underlined by
the high-profile role played by consumer finance in global credit crises from 2007 onwards. Assumptions about the level of
consumers’ financial literacy frequently influence the formulation of regulatory policy, whether tacitly or explicitly and
many national governments are actively engaged in financial education programs of various sorts. Indeed since at least 2003
the OECD has actively developed and encouraged such efforts. An underlying supposition of these initiatives is that more financial literacy is socially preferable to less. We examine that supposition in a formal analytic framework and demonstrate plausible conditions under which it is not true.
We discuss implications of this for policy-makers and regulators alike. 相似文献
11.
George C. Bitros 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2008,21(4):301-328
This paper centers on the structure of capital and the useful lives of its components by considering an economy with two representative
firms, one producing a necessity and another producing a luxury. This difference determines their reinvestment opportunities.
Therefore, while the one applies replacement, the other adopts scrapping. However, as these capital policies lead to different
service lives, the analysis confronts the issues raised by Miller (Review of Income and Wealth 29:284–296, 1982, Review of Income and Wealth 36:67–82, 1990) and deals with them by drawing on Haavelmo’s (A study in the theory of investment, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1960) suggestions regarding the aggregation of capital. Among other findings, it turns out that the simulation results are highly
robust, thus demonstrating that real-world implications may be even stronger than strictly suggested by the model.
相似文献
George C. BitrosEmail: |
12.
Gianluigi Guido M. Irene Prete Alessandro M. Peluso R. Christian Maloumby-Baka Carolina Buffa 《International Review of Economics》2010,57(1):79-102
The aim of the present study is to examine the role of ethical dimensions and product personality in the purchasing intention
of organic food products. The Prospect method (Caprara et al. in Test Psicomet Metodol 7(3–4):113–128, 2000), which integrates the Five factors model of personality (cf. Digman in Annu Rev Psychol 41(1):417–440, 1990) and the Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen in Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50(2):179–211, 1991) extended to an ethical dimension, was employed, by using a Structural Equation Modeling approach. Results showed that moral norms—i.e., personal beliefs regarding what is right or wrong (Parker et al. in Br J Soc Psychol, 34(2):127–137, 1995)—can be considered the main motivator of purchasing intention, and they are, in turn, affected by subjective norms and product personality traits of Naturalness and Authenticity. Marketing implications for firms operating in the organic food industry are discussed, in their intent to shift from a “niche”
market to a broader diffusion of these products. 相似文献
13.
This paper introduces a model of commodity price speculation and proves that the optimal trading strategy is of the (S,s) form when a no expected loss condition holds. A strong form of this condition is that the retail price charged to consumers at time t exceeds the expected wholesale price of the commodity at time t+1, i.e.
, where β ∈(0,1) is the speculator’s discount factor.
We are extremely grateful to Herbert Scarf for pointing out an important error in a previous draft of this paper and for suggesting
the key argument in a revised proof that fixed the problem. We also benefited from helpful feedback from an anonymous referee,
William Brainard, Zvi Eckstein, participants of seminars at Yale, the Operations Research Center at MIT, and the Econometric
Society Winter School at the Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi. 相似文献
14.
Frederic B. JenningsJr. 《Forum for Social Economics》2010,39(1):77-87
The theory of planning horizons and their relation to pricing, conscience and learning has been explored in some detail in
terms of efficiency attributes and ecological health (Jennings 2003, Journal of Economic Issues 39:365-373, 2005, 2007a, b, 2008a). This paper addresses the equity implications of planning horizons in terms of the social role and importance of justice,
rights and capabilities in a free market economy. From my earlier work, cooperation—not competition—is seen as the means to
longer and broader horizons in an efficiency frame, mitigating any alleged tradeoff against equity issues. The impact of longer
horizons on fairness and justice in terms of intentions and outcomes along with rights and capabilities still remains unexplored.
This paper reviews the normative aspects of planning horizons, showing how ethical and ecological conscience spreads with
horizon effects, strengthening goals of fairness and the internalization of social effects. In this setting, capabilities
and empowerment are enhanced by respect for human rights, as social conscience spreads through interhorizonal complementarities.
The features of a long-horizon world differ from myopic contexts, specifically in the relation of efficiency to other goals.
This paper examines that difference in terms of its equity aspects, with regard to social justice and the role of rights and
capabilities in economic cultures. 相似文献
15.
Wolfgang Leininger 《Economic Theory》2006,29(3):713-719
The implications of evolutionarily stable behavior in finite populations have recently been explored for a variety of aggregative games. This note proves an intimate relationship between quasi-submodularity and global evolutionary stability of strategies for these games, which – apart from being of independent interest – accounts for a number of results obtained in the recent literature: we show that any evolutionarily stable strategy of a quasi-submodular aggregative game must also be globally stable. That is, if one mutant cannot successfully invade a population, any number of mutants can do so even lessThe author is grateful to Ana Ania and Carlos Alōs-Ferrer for comments on an earlier version 相似文献
16.
The theory of career mobility (Sicherman and Galor, Journal of Political Economy, 98(1), 169–92, 1990) claims that wage penalties for overeducated workers are compensated by better promotion prospects. Sicherman (Journal of Labour Economics, 9(2), 101–22, 1991) was able to confirm this theory in an empirical study using panel data. However, the only retest using panel data so far (Robst, Eastern Economic Journal, 21, 539–50, 1995) produced rather ambiguous results. In the present paper, random effects models to analyse relative wage growth are estimated using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. It is found that overeducated workers in Germany have markedly lower relative wage growth rates than adequately educated workers. The results cast serious doubt on whether the career mobility model is able to explain overeducation in Germany. The plausibility of the results is supported by the finding that overeducated workers have less access to formal and informal on-the-job training, which is usually found to be positively correlated with wage growth even when controlling for selectivity effects (Pischke, Journal of Population Economics, 14, 523–48, 2001). 相似文献
17.
Ma (in Econ. Theory 8, 377–381, 1996) studied the random order mechanism, a matching mechanism suggested by Roth and Vande Vate (Econometrica 58, 1475–1480, 1990) for marriage markets. By means of an example he showed that the random order mechanism does not always
reach all stable matchings. Although Ma's (1996) result is true, we show that the probability distribution he presented –
and therefore the proof of his Claim 2 – is not correct. The mistake in the calculations by Ma (1996) is due to the fact that
even though the example looks very symmetric, some of the calculations are not as “symmetric.”
We thank two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. B. Klaus’s and F. Klijn’s research was supported by Ramón y Cajal
contracts of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. The work of the authors was also partially supported through the Spanish Plan Nacional I+D+I (BEC2002-02130 and SEJ2005-01690) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR2005-00626 and the Barcelona Economics Program of CREA). 相似文献
18.
Kristen A. Sheeran 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2006,35(2):89-98
Economists commonly believe that failure to equalize the marginal cost of carbon abatement across countries implies a loss of global efficiency. Chichilnisky and Heal [(1994), Economic Letters
44, 444] first challenged this consensus a decade ago, demonstrating that, in general, efficiency does not require equalizing marginal abatement costs. This note revisits that important debate. It provides the missing intuition behind Chichilnisky and Heal’s surprising result, explains what critical assumption gives rise to their result, and clarifies the role a social welfare function plays in their model. The implications of Chichilnisky and Heal’s result are increasingly important, given international debate over the preferential role given to developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol and the role those countries will play in future climate negotiations. 相似文献
19.
Joseph G. Eisenhauer 《Forum for Social Economics》2008,37(2):103-113
The concept of a middle class is prevalent in both common parlance and the social sciences; concern is frequently expressed
that the middle class is shrinking, and politicians often position themselves as champions of the middle class. Yet the phrase
“middle class” is extremely ambiguous; no consensus exists on either the upper bound or the lower bound separating the middle
class from other classes. The present paper employs the government’s official poverty line as the demarcation between the
poor and the middle class, and develops an equivalent distinction to separate the middle class from the wealthy. Based on
the new definition, the paper provides some rough empirical estimates of the size of the American middle class over the 1989–2004
period.
Joseph G. Eisenhauer is Professor and Chair of Economics at Wright State University. A past president and Distinguished Fellow of the New York State Economics Association, he has also been a Huebner Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, a visiting scholar at the Catholic University of America, and a visiting professor at the University of Rome. His research focuses on risk aversion, precautionary saving, insurance, ethics, and social class. He has been published in numerous professional journals, including Review of Social Economy, Journal of Socio-Economics, International Journal of Social Economics, Review of Political Economy, Eastern Economic Journal, Journal of Risk and Insurance, Journal of Insurance Issues, Applied Economics, Empirical Economics, International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, and Economics Bulletin, among others. 相似文献
Joseph G. EisenhauerEmail: |
Joseph G. Eisenhauer is Professor and Chair of Economics at Wright State University. A past president and Distinguished Fellow of the New York State Economics Association, he has also been a Huebner Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, a visiting scholar at the Catholic University of America, and a visiting professor at the University of Rome. His research focuses on risk aversion, precautionary saving, insurance, ethics, and social class. He has been published in numerous professional journals, including Review of Social Economy, Journal of Socio-Economics, International Journal of Social Economics, Review of Political Economy, Eastern Economic Journal, Journal of Risk and Insurance, Journal of Insurance Issues, Applied Economics, Empirical Economics, International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, and Economics Bulletin, among others. 相似文献
20.
The Glass and Smith (Education and Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 1979, 1, 2–16) meta-analysis of class size studies is shown to have employed an inappropriate functional form, negating Lippman's (Economics Letters, 1990, 33, 193–196) result concerning the optimality of equal class sizes. Policy implications for department chairs are noted. 相似文献