Application of ecological footprint in ecological industrial systems：a study case of maize-MSG production systems

To improve the comparability of the research results of ecological industry, the ecological footprint is appliedto analyze the resource utilization and environmental pollution in various subsystems, taking maize-MSG as a case.Results show that the production process from maize to MSG is a extended process of ecological footprint, and that theecological footprint of the maize production is the biggest; the extension of ecological footprint is followed by the increaseof footprint profit, which means that the extension of production chain is an important method to improve the resourcesprofit; the systems have a big proportion of the indirect energy ecological footprint; the air and water pollution in MSGsubsystem is the most serious. At last, it can be identified that ecological footprint is a good method to measure resourceutilization and environmental pollution in various subsystems of an integrated ecological industry.     

Sustainable tourism development of globally important agriculural heritage sites： a case study of ＂traditional rice-fish agriculture system＂

Traditional rice-fish agricultural heritage site in Qingtian County, China, one of the pilot sites of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）, is of great value in tourism development. This paper aims to explore how to realize sustainable tourism development in agricultural heritage site through identifying current problems in GIAHS site. and making constructive recommendations for coupled development of heritage preservation and economic development. Field survey was carried out and data was collected through field questionnaire surveys of tourists and residents in Longxian Village of Qingtian County, as well as interviews of residents with semi. structured questionnaires for their perceptions and attitudes to tourism development. The following results are got： （1） the tourism industry is still at its early state of Non, tale tourism （enjoy and experience authentic country life- style）, under very limited administrative management; （2） what attracts visitors most are delicious.fish and beautiful natural environment, but not agricultural heritage itself; （3） most tourists eome from adjacent areas and stay. only half day, many of whom pay their visits twice or more; （4） a few local residents take part in the activities of tourism industry, but in very limited manners even if they do. Current patterns of tourism development are casting negative impacts on agricultural heritage. Conservatton of agricultural heritage should be put in the first place for sustainable tourism development.Agricultural heritage, as a key attraction, should be taken as the focus for tourism development. The important thing is to change the present Nongjiale tourism into real heritage tourism, to establish a cooperative mechanism among different stakeholders. and to increase local residents＇ income through engaging in tourism industry.     

A study of benefits compensation mechanism for agricultural water rights trading under the restriction of ecological reconstruction： a case study of Shiyang River basin

Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establish benefits compensation mechanism to resolve such problems. This paper takes the Shiyang River basin as an example to calculate the opportunity cost of 0.97×10^8 m^3 of agricultural water encroached by the middle reach based on initial water right allocation system under which water is allocated in accordance with the ratio between agricultural population of two different regions concerning the downstream ecological reconstruction needs with Bio-economic model （BEM）. The results suggest that the total economic loss of Minqin County for ecological reconstruction amounts to 2.5 7×10^8 yuan, of which 1.68×10^8 yuan is ecological compensation, representing the economic loss Minqin suffered for ecological reconstruction which shouM burden beneficial groups of ecological reconstruction and 0.89 ×10^8 yuan is the economic loss Minqin suffered due to Liangzhou＇s encroachment behavior which should be compensated by Liangzhou.     

Areal differentiation of virtual water for agricultural products and its effect on regional agricultural structure adjustment in China： 1995-2007

With a vast territory, the space-time distribution of water resources is uneven in China. There is a great dif ference in natural conditions and farmland management of agricuttural production in different regions. The areal differentiation of agricultural products virtual water is obvious. Comparison with the agricultural products virtual water from 1995 to 2007 in China shows an increase in the first ten vears and a little decrease in recent years. There has been a tendency of increase all the time in Northeast and Northwest. but a decrease after an increase firstly in other regions. The virtual water offood crops is the maximum which accounts for more than 70% in China. and that of vegetables is in a fast growth. The proportion of agricultural products virtual water to the total water resources in each region has a large difference, showing the imbalance of agricultural water in different regions, which accounts for 50%-90% in Northeast, and 125%-185% in North China. Under the guidance of virtual water strategy, based on the differences of resource endowment, each region should adjust agricultural structure, decide production by water, and select water suitable crops. In water-rich region, agricultural produets of high water consumption should be planted appropriately, which will make full use of the abundant local water resources. In water-shortage region the crop production of high water consumption and low efficiency should be depressed, and that of low water consumption and high efficiency should be supported and increased. It will achieve reasonable disposition of water resources, promote ecological restoration and environmental protection, as welt as ensure food security.     

On ecological inheritance construction of intangible cultural heritage in era of intellectual media

It is known that intangible cultural heritage is an important resource of the cultural soft power in a country, and it is also an organic component and representation of national history, spirit and cohesion.Therefore, a good inheritance of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance for carrying forward the ethical basis of human culture as well as maintaining its value core. Nowadays, the rapid intelligentization of media has ushered in the era of intellectual media, with characteris...     

Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Yangtze Delta, China： 1994-2004

Based on the spatial economy theory and the exploratory spatial data analysis （ESDA） technology this paper studies the space-time dynamics of regional per capita GDP in the Yangtze Delta. A sample of 74 regions in the Yangtze Delta over the period of 1994 to 2004 provides clear evidence of global and local spatial autoeorrelation as well as spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of regional per capita GDP The dynamism of regions is investigated by exploring the spatial pattern of regional growth, compared with that before 1997, the economic growth disparities among Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces have decreased, so have the inside regions of Zhejiang Province, while it is opposite to the inside regions of Jiangsu Province.     

The Change of Ecological Footprint and Its Effect on Sustainable Development in Beijing of China

Speeding up the environmental protection and construction is one of the major issues in ＂Greener Olympic Games＂ held in Beijing in 2008. Making a thorough study to find out the reliable measures to ecological resumption in Beijing has an important scientific and practical significance. It can provide scientific basis for making a better decision for ＂Greener Olympic Games＂ held in capital Beijing and development in harmony for society and economy, as well as management for ecological environment. By studying of change of ecological footprint from 1990 to 2003 in Beijing, the paper shows that ecological footprint per capita has a strong relativity with population and GDP, and both of the correlation coefficient between them is about 0.92, as well as the fossil energy land has a position in the lead in ecological footprint items. The study also shows that the ecological capacity per capita in Beijing occupied about 1.25% in global ecological capacity per capita. Began 1990, the ecological deficit in Beijing was about 0.72 hm2, which is at strong unsustainable development at present. Finally, the paper suggests social and economic structure should be adjusted as soon as possible, resources should be strengthen sustainable used and population increasing should be controlled strictly, as well as arable land also should be under control used for built-up areas. Simultaneity, the utilizing ratio of energy sources should be increased, and the consumption of energy sources and ecological deficit in Beijing should be reduced in order to speed up the society and economy development in harmony and sustainment.     

Quantitative evaluation of sustainable development based on ecological footprint method： a case study of Tianjin

Since the coneept of sustainable devetopment emerged in the late 1980s, more and more countries and regions have been utilizing sustainable development as their developing stratety. But decades have passed without any effective methods available to quantitatively assess sustainable development. Since the ecological footprint evaluation method initiated in 1992, it has become popular in quantitative assessment of sustainable development because of its convenience, easy-understanding, and rehability. As one of the biggest coastal cities in north China and the economic center of the Bohai Coastal Region, Tianjin＇s gross domestic product （GDP） was 369. 762 billion yuan in 2005, accounting for 2.0°of the whole nation＇s GDP. The paper analyzes Tianjin＇s development with the ecological footprint method, and the results show that Tianjin＇s ecoiogical footprint and biocapacity in 2005 were 2.507gha/cap and 0.2 76gha/cap respectively. The ecological deficit was 2.230gha/cap.And from 1980 to 2005,Tianjin＇s ecological deficit per 10^4 yuan GDP decreased;while per capita ecological deficit has been tending to increase rapidly in recent years.All these result demonstrate that Tianjin is in a state of unsustainable development.     

Measuring economic loss caused by ecological damages： a case study of China＇s forest ecosystem in 2005

At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco-environmental performance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced,＂ uncertainties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.     

Policy of giving rewards and subsidies for grassland ecological conservation in Tibetan Plateau

This paper aims to explore the impact of policy of giving rewards and subsidies(GRS) for grassland ecological conservation in Tibetan Plateau implemented by the Chinese government since 2009.Taking Gerze County in Ngari Prefecture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region(TAR) as an example,it discusses the objective,implementation and outcome of that policy with regard to the ecological reconstruction and problems that have ensured.Located in the northern part of the Qiangtang Plateau,Gerze is the largest county in Ngari Prefecture.It covers more than 7.8 million acres of pastureland,of which 6.2 million acres are usable for pastoralism; 3.4 million acres,however,lack water source.In recent decades,due to the increased population and other reasons,pastures of the area have shown signs of overgrazing,thus leading to serious degradation,desertification and salinization of the grassland.Since 2009,when neighboring Coqin County was chosen as a pilot site for the national ecological incentive and subsidy policy(or: ecological compensation policy),Gerze has also started to adopt this policy and brought ful implementation in 2010.Its purpose is to solve the problem of overgrazing.But like other policies carried out in Gerze,its implementation is faced with many challenges.First,it is difficult to define the types and scopes of the incentives and subsidies,which have become a major source of complaints of the local herdsmen.Second,the local herdsmen are also concerned with the fairness of assigning rewards and subsidies.Third,the high cost of the policy’s implementation and supervision reduces its effects.Fourth,the fact that the herdsmen are not willing to reduce livestock population makes it difficult for the policy to achieve actual results.The author thinks it’s necessary to revise and improve the current ecological incentive and subsidy policy.     

世界农业遗产生态博物馆保护模式探讨——以青田"传统稻鱼共生系统"为例

文章指出,作为首批全球重要农业遗产(GIAHS)保护项目之一,青田传统稻鱼共生系统应坚持动态保护、整体保护和原地保护的原则,其保护内容包括稻田养鱼复合生态系统、农业耕作制度、农业生物多样性、文化多样性以及景观格局。生态博物馆的理论与实践为世界农业遗产的保护提供了新思路,作为一种全新的尝试,世界农业遗产生态博物馆保护模式极有可能为世界农业遗产保护事业和生态博物馆的发展提供理论基础和经验总结。     

Sustainable tourism development of globally important agricultural heritage sites: a case study of "traditional rice-fish agriculture system"

Traditional rice-fish agricultural heritage site in Qingtian County, China, one of the pilot sites of Glob-ally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), is of great value in tourism development. This paper aims to explore how to realize sustainable tourism development in agricultural heritage site through identifying current problems in GIAHS site, and making constructive recommendations for coupled development of heritage preserva-tion and economic development. Field survey was carried out and data was collected through field questionnaire surveys of tourists and residents' in Longxian Village of Qingtian County, as well as interviews of residents with semi-structured questionnaires for their perceptions and attitudes to tourism development. The following results are got.(1) the tourism industry is still at its early state of Nongjiale tourism (enjoy and experience authentic country life-style), under very limited administrative management; (2) what attracts visitors most are delicious fish and beautiful natural environment, but not agricultural heritage itself; (3) most tourists come from adjacent areas and stay only half a day, many of whom pay their visits twice or more; (4) a few local residents take part in the activities of tourism industry, but in very limited manners even if they do.Current patterns of tourism development are casting negative impacts on agricultural heritage. Conservation agricultural heritage should be put in the first place for sustainable tourism development. Agricultural heritage, as a key attraction, should be taken as the focus for tourism development. The important thing is to change the present Nongjiale tourism into real heritage tourism, to establish a cooperative mechanism among different stakeholders,and to increase local residents' income through engaging in tourism industry.     

宣化传统葡萄园的生态实践智慧探究

农业系统作为人类在与自然协同进化过程中所积累 的知识经验与实践能力的重要载体，是生态实践智慧研究的重 要对象。然而全球唯一的城市农业遗产——宣化传统葡萄园， 囿于现有研究大多停留于客观属性的描述层面，尚未揭示在客 观属性背后，传统葡萄园作为人与自然相作用的文化景观所蕴 含的机理，故不能全面揭示其延续千年的原因。因此，采用文 献回顾、田野调研和定性访谈相结合的方式，从场地选址、种 植方式、空间布局和生境结构4个方面切入，总结作为半干旱 地区的庭园农业，宣化传统葡萄园经久不衰的生态实践智慧在 于“因地制宜”与“协同共生”2个方面。最后指出宣化葡萄 园所蕴含的生态实践智慧，对于其他环境条件相对较差的地区 而言，要在尊重自然的基础上创造适宜的耕作方式，并且通过 协调“三生”关系，以集约高效的方式应对不利的人居环境， 从而构建人与自然协同共生的格局。     

基于NPP生态足迹模型的贵州农业可持续发展

利用生态足迹模型对贵州1978～2008年的农业生态足迹和生态承载力进行分析研究。结果表明,改革开放30年来贵州农业平均生态足迹为0.4693hm2。改革开放以来,贵州的农业生产及人民的生活水平有了较大的改善,贵州农业生态供给严重依赖于耕地、林地;30年来,贵州林地在均为生态盈余,这说明贵州实施林业生态工程建设秀美山川取得了初步成效;贵州农业生态效率一直处于增长状态,贵州的农业资源利用效率在逐年提高。最后基于研究结果分析了影响贵州农业可持续发展能力的资源及生态因素,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

临朐发展生态农业的模式分析

本文以山东省临朐县为例，分析了砂石山区农业生态环境的特点，提出改善其农业生态环境的主要途径－发展生态农业，重点给出几种适合砂石山区生态农业发展的综合模式，梯度开发，农林立体间套式，食物链循环模式，并对模式的经济、生态效益进行了分析，指出发展生态农业是砂石山区发展农村经济、改善农业生态环境的最佳途径。     

乡土文化景观安全格局及遗产廊道构建 研究——以福建永泰为例

借助ArcGIS空间分析技术,运用景观安全格局理 论和空间阻力模型分析方法,以福建永泰为例,针对乡土文化 遗产体验进行景观资源适宜性评价,同时建立低、中、高3个 级别的景观安全格局水平。结果表明：乡土文化遗产体验适宜 性水平较高,低中等安全格局水平所占比例高达81.11%。为 此,提出构建永泰乡土遗产廊道、形成乡土遗产景观网络与全 域旅游开发利用的具体建议措施,旨在加强乡土文化安全与景 观遗产的整体保护,促进全域旅游开发保护与乡村全面振兴的 实现。     

日本里山农业文化遗产景观保护和 利用政策实施与经验解读

十九大以来，乡村振兴与农业农村现代化作为国家 方针战略地位逐步提升。乡村振兴重点在于优化农业生产模式 与农村人居环境，其中的“新”与“旧”的矛盾日渐凸显，如 何在立新的大背景下兼顾传统农业文化遗产景观并落实保护工 作，将成为今后的重要课题。选取日本里山作为研究对象，梳 理日本典型农业遗产景观历史及保护利用沿革，并针对日本现 行最新的重要里山保护策略，运用空间、语义等分析方法，对 日本现行的农业文化遗产景观保护与利用政策实施现状及经验 展开评估分析讨论，以期为中国农业文化遗产保护与利用工作 提供思路与经验参考。     

东祁连山农牧区生态承载力及可持续性分析

运用生态足迹模型对位于祁连山东段农牧区的天祝县进行了生态承载力状况的分析。结果表明,天祝县2008年的生态足迹未超过生态承载力,出现生态盈余,生态环境容量尚能承载环境负荷。而对2000---2008年生态足迹及生态承栽力动态变化分析结果表明,天祝县生态盈余呈持续下降趋势,表明该区生态可持续性的持续下降状况。针对这一状况,根据该区生态资源状况的基本特征,提出生态经济系统可持续性建设的建议。     

Ecological footprint accounting in the life cycle assessment of products

We present and discuss ecological footprint (EF) calculations for a large number of products and services consumed in the western economy. Product-specific EFs were calculated from consistent and quality-controlled life cycle information of 2630 products and services, including energy, materials, transport, waste treatment and infrastructural processes. We formed 19 homogeneous product/process subgroups for further analysis, containing in total 1549 processes. Per group, the average contribution of two types of land occupation (direct and energy related) to the total EF was derived. It was found that the ecological footprint of the majority of products is dominated by the consumption of non-renewable energy. Notable exceptions are the EFs of biomass energy, hydro energy, paper and cardboard, and agricultural products with a relatively high contribution of direct land occupation. We also compared the ecological footprint results with the results of a commonly used life cycle impact assessment method, the Ecoindicator 99 (EI). It was found that the majority of the products have an EF/EI ratio of around 30 m²-eq. yr/ecopoint ± a factor of 5. The typical ratio reduces to 25 m² yr/ecopoints by excluding the arbitrary EF for nuclear energy demand. The relatively small variation of this ratio implies that the use of land and use of fossil fuels are important drivers of overall environmental impact. Ecological footprints may therefore serve as a screening indicator for environmental performance. However, our results also show that the usefulness of EF as a stand-alone indicator for environmental impact is limited for product life cycles with relative high mineral consumption and process-specific metal and dust emissions. For these products the EF/EI ratio can substantially deviate from the average value. Finally, we suggest that the ecological footprint product data provided in this paper can be used to improve the footprint estimates of production, import and export of products on a national scale and footprint estimates of various lifestyles.