Bring institutions into FDI spillover research: Exploring the impact of ownership restructuring and institutional development in emerging economies

Extant studies exploring the influences of foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers on the productivity of local firms have provided conflicting evidence. In particular, they have largely overlooked the important role of institutional mechanisms in the host market in understanding the sources of the variation in FDI spillover effects on the productivity of local firms, especially in the context of emerging markets. Using a comprehensive panel data set of manufacturing firms in China during 1998–2007, our paper presents an integrative framework of how FDI spillovers affect the productivity of local firms in emerging markets. We identify an inverted U-shaped relationship between FDI spillovers and the productivity of local firms in China. This result suggests the coexistence of and the interplay between the opposing mechanisms of FDI spillover learning opportunity and adverse competition. Drawing on the institution-based view, this study also develops contingency frameworks and arguments to explore the question of if FDI spillover effects are contingent on, or independent of, a local institutional context especially in emerging markets. We find that institutional mechanisms, such as the institutionally determined ownership restructuring and the different levels of subnational institutional development within the host emerging market, significantly shape the variation of FDI spillover effects on the productivity of local firms. This research highlights the importance of incorporating institutional effects in understanding the FDI spillover effects in emerging markets.     

外商直接投资的技术溢出效应研究——技术差距视角下的—个理论模型

本文通过将Barro和Martin的领导者一追随者模型扩展至包含外商投资部门,构建了技术差距对FDI溢出影响的理论模型,并得出如下结论：外资企业通过技术溢出效应提高了东道国企业的生产效率,即FDI的技术溢出效应是存在的;对于存在不同程度技术差距的内外资企业,技术差距对FDI溢出效应的作用不同;当内外资企业技术差距过大时,外资企业技术水平的提高不会产生更显著的技术溢出,反而由于东道国企业难以吸收而抑制外资企业的技术溢出。     

双渠道技术溢出、技术进步和我国经济增长绩效——基于四因素脉冲响应函数分析

本文选取物化技术溢出渠道的两个因素——FDI和进口以及非物化技术溢出渠道的两个因素——专利和信息技术,通过构建一个包含上述四要素的技术溢出模型,实证分析得出:对中国TFP贡献度最大的是本国的研发存量,其次是FDI技术溢出,接着是专利技术溢出;进口溢出和信息技术溢出效应为负,且进口和专利技术溢出对我国TFP的作用不显著。该结论用脉冲响应函数也同样得到证实。因此,我国应注重自主研发的培养,从效率上保证经济增长的质量显得尤为重要。     

FDI技术溢出效应及影响因素地区差异比较研究

FDI是资本、技术和管理等一系列要素的综合体,提升FDI的技术溢出效应,对企业技术进步、产业升级和增长方式的转变具有重要的现实意义。本文以外商直接投资理论为基础,实证分析FDI技术溢出效应的区域差异,考察地区差异影响因素,进而发现我国各地区特别是中西部地区存在很大的优化利用FDI、提升FDI对我国内资企业的技术溢出作用的潜力。     

产业集聚对山东省FDI技术溢出的影响研究

本文将产业集聚因素纳入了外商直接投资(FDI)技术溢出的研究中,运用面板数据从行业的角度对比分析了山东省2000-2009年在有产业集聚倾向的行业与没有集聚倾向行业中FDI对技术进步的影响,得出结论是山东省引进的外商直接投资存在技术溢出效应;相关行业的产业集聚抑制了FDI的技术溢出;同时产业集聚也抑制了流动资本周转率和资产负债率对技术进步的促进作用。     

外商直接投资对工业行业内部的技术外溢

本文利用1995-1997,2000-2003年期间,中国工业36个行业的平行数据,使用固定效应模型和随机效应模型估计了FDI对工业行业内部的技术外溢,及影响技术外溢的因素。结果显示:在1995-1997年期间,FDI对我国工业行业内部有不显著正的技术外溢。技术差距较小、劳动密集型行业获得较大的技术外溢。在2000-2003年期间,FDI对工业行业内部有显著正的技术外溢。技术差距较大、资本密集型工业行业获得较大的技术外溢。因此,本文的政策含义是,工业行业的引资应偏重技术差距较大的资本密集型行业。     

外商直接投资技术溢出效应的空间计量分析

MoranI检验和空间相关系数检验都表明,FDI的技术进步作用存在空间相关。空间相关的主要原因是外资高技术产品进入市场引致模仿效应和竞争效应,而市场的选择并不局限于FDI投资地。这种空间相关性在1997年开始显著,到1999年达到一个相对的稳定值。空间计量模型回归结果表明,FDI的技术溢出效应超出挤出效应,FDI的技术进步作用的关键在于FDI的有和无,不在于量的不断增长,量太大反而产生挤出效应。因此当前应重视欠发达地区的外商投资,发达地区的外商投资则应避免其形成垄断。国内因素对技术进步的作用大于FDI的作用,研发人员的流动对技术进步的作用非常重要,而资本存量、RD资本投入的作用具有一定的地理局部性。     

Transmission channels matter: Identifying spillovers from FDI

The empirical literature on the spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) has so far not analysed the well-established theoretical transmission channels through which FDI impacts on domestic firms. This paper shows how channels of transmission matter for productivity spillovers from FDI by providing more fuller and nuanced picture of the effects. We analyse a panel of eight sub-Saharan Africa countries spanning the period 2006–2014 and demonstrate the empirical relevance of distinguishing three channels – demonstration, labour mobility, and competition. We provide measures of these effects and also show that the size, significance, and sign of spillover effects depend on the local absorptive capacity, technology levels, geographical proximity, and foreign ownership structure. Overall, results suggest that demonstration spillovers are large and economically significant, whereas the patterns of labour mobility and competition spillovers are not stable across the various specifications and measures. Finally, the analysis involves several measures of further investigations and robustness checks. Results are robust to the construction of spillover and outcome variables, the introduction of additional explanatory variables and an alternative estimation method.     

FDI与外包的技术溢出效应比较——中国制造业产品内分工的东道国视角

FDI和外包两种产品内分工方式为我国制造业嵌入全球价值链提供了两种有效渠道,但在技术溢出方面存在差异。本文利用投入产出表和FDI数据,在利用C-D生产函数的基础上,选取了19个中国制造业的面板数据,验证了这一差异。结果表明:我国在承接外包中所获取的技术溢出效应要远高于吸收FDI带来的技术溢出效应,且不论哪种方式,资本密集型行业都比劳动密集型行业的技术溢出效应显著。     

我国对外直接投资的逆向技术外溢效应研究

本文选取我国对外直接投资比较集中且技术水平比较发达的九个国家(地区),利用我国和九国(地区)对外直接投资与技术创新的投入产出数据,测算我国的全要素生产率、母国和东道国的研发资本存量,实证分析了我国直接投资到这些国家(地区)所产生的逆向技术外溢程度。研究结果表明,我国通过对外直接投资渠道获得的国外研发资本存量能给母国带来正的技术外溢效应,只是由于我国对外直接投资相对吸引外资而言发展缓慢,因而其技术外溢效应相对较低。     

基于东道国技术创新能力的FDI技术溢出效应研究

随着经济全球化的发展,对FDI技术溢出效应的研究已经取得了相当多的成果,但是对于东道国技术创新能力对于FDI技术溢出效应的影响的研究却并不是很多见,因此,从这个角度出发,对已有文献进行了综述,并提出东道国技术创新能力对提高FDI技术溢出效应的重要性。     

外商直接投资对我国长三角地区工业经济技术溢出效应分析

本文实证分析了FDI对我国长三角地区工业经济的技术溢出效应.结果表明,FDI在该地区的溢出效应明显存在,且其外溢效应大于全国平均水平.笔者认为,跨国公司FDI溢出效应的强弱受东道国企业吸纳水平的影响,而吸纳水平的提升关键在于企业的动力与能力.长三角地区劳动力资源及市场化进程状况是它获得较多FDI技术溢出的重要原因.     

Firm heterogeneity and FDI-related productivity spillovers: A theoretical investigation

A number of existing empirical studies have attempted to estimate the foreign direct investment (FDI)-related productivity spillover effects to domestic firms in host economies using various methodologies and measures of FDI. This literature has produced mixed results. While some studies found positive spillovers, others reported zero or even negative spillovers. In this paper, using a model of firm heterogeneity, we provide a rigorous theoretical justification for the mixed findings. We show that FDI-related productivity spillover effects can be decomposed into a direct and an indirect effect. If the direct effect is positive then relatively less capable domestic firms that were not able to survive in the industry (before the arrival of foreign firms) can enter the industry, which decreases the average (expected) productivity of the industry. If this indirect effect is sufficiently strong then the overall impact of FDI on productivity of domestic firms can be zero or negative. Hence, irrespective of the type of FDI (vertical or horizontal) and control variables included in empirical models, one may find negative or zero spillover effects.     

外商直接投资与我国技术创新:基于省际面板数据的实证分析

本文利用我国1998-2006年的省际面板数据实证检验了外国直接投资(FDI)对我国技术创新的影响,同时对港澳台来源FDI和其他来源FDI引发的创新溢出效应的差异也进行了检验。研究结果表明,FDI的进入对我国专利申请总量没有显著影响,但是对外观设计专利申请有显著的促进作用。港澳台来源FDI对我国的技术创新没有显著的溢出效应,而其他来源FDI的溢出效应显著。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Firm-Level Evidence From Chilean Industrial Sector

Using firm-level panel data, this article examines whether spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) make a contribution to productivity growth in Chilean manufacturing firms. The main contribution of this work is to apply a methodology to estimate, in a consistent manner, the productivity impact of investment climate variables, such as FDI. With this aim, the spillover effects from FDI are analyzed using a stochastic frontier approach (SFA). Productivity growth is decomposed using a generalized Malmquist output-oriented index. The results show positive productivity spillovers from FDI; higher competition is associated with larger spillovers; and firms with high R&D effort gain more spillover benefits compared to those with less R&D effort.     

中国FDI水平溢出效应的Meta分析

本文通过从55篇研究文献中提取关于中国FDI水平溢出效应的相关信息,应用Meta回归分析方法考察中国FDI水平溢出效应的实证结论受何种因素的影响和所受影响的程度。本文Meta回归分析研究发现文献研究中指标的构建（被解释变量指标与FDI溢出效应指标）会影响FDI水平溢出效应的结论,区分FDI水平、垂直溢出效应后会降低得到FDI水平溢出效应是显著的结论的可能性;但文献研究中样本数据特征对FDI水平溢出效应的结论的影响更大,特别是文献研究中如果采用近期的数据会降低得到正向FDI水平溢出效应的可能性,采用的数据跨度越长（实际上是数据中包括的近期数据越多）会降低得到FDI水平溢出效应是显著的结论的可能性;文献研究中是否纳入控制变量对FDI水平溢出效应的正负及是否显著的影响不大,因此研究中国FDI水平溢出效应时模型的设定（主要是遗漏变量）问题并不严重。     

Managing FDI technology spillovers: A challenge to TNCs in emerging markets

Prior studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) technology spillovers have offered little guidance to transnational corporations (TNCs) on how to protect and exploit technology across borders. The present paper argues that TNCs can manage technology spillovers through selection of entry modes, selection of technologies, and selection of investment priorities in the affiliates they establish in foreign markets. A number of hypotheses are derived from theoretical analyses and are tested against firm-level data from China. The findings of the paper have significant implications for TNCs that face fierce competition from local firms in emerging markets.     

基于FDI技术溢出效应的天津滨海新区产业集群升级

目前,培育优势产业集群已经成为天津滨海新区吸引FD I和提升区域经济竞争力的一项重要的战略举措。由于区域内四大主导产业集群已初具规模,但是集群经济仍然存在着产业链不完善、技术关联度低、创新性不足、技术外溢效应较差等问题,通过对滨海新区产业集群的实证分析,滨海新区产业集群升级的一个重要切入点就是增强FD I技术溢出效应。     

外国直接投资技术外溢理论研究综述

外国直接投资技术外溢是外国直接投资内含的人力资本、研发、管理经验等无形资本的非自愿性扩散。本文以时间为线索,概括叙述了20世纪60年代到90年代外国直接投资技术外溢理论的研究方法及主要观点,重点分析了21世纪以来外国直接投资技术外溢理论的最新研究进展,并客观评估了我国“以市场换技术”的战略效应,得出了几点启示。     

Foreign firm characteristics,labour market restrictions and FDI spillovers: Evidence from Moldova

This paper investigates how productivity spillovers from foreign to domestic firms are affected by foreign firm characteristics and labour market conditions in Moldova. We use firm-level administrative panel data and annual survey region-sector indicators of labour market conditions in 2005–2014. Baseline regressions show that domestic firms benefit from backward FDI spillovers, while we find no evidence of horizontal or forward spillovers. Spillover effects are heterogeneous and depend on the ownership structure and age of foreign firms. Domestic firms in upstream sectors benefit from both wholly foreign-owned companies (WFOC) and joint ventures (JV). However, JVs need less time in the market for positive spillovers to materialise, while WFOCs only lead to larger spillover effects when they are older. In regions and sectors where firms experience fewer labour market restrictions, backward FDI spillovers are larger. Interacting foreign firm characteristics with labour market restrictions, we find that spillovers through the labour market channel materialise only for older FDI, regardless of ownership type. The results are in line with our expectation that WFOCs need more time than JVs to develop linkages with local suppliers and lead to spillovers through this channel. Moreover, in developing countries labour market restrictions reduce labour mobility and consequently, the size of FDI spillovers across industries.