中国(上海)自由贸易试验区增值电信业务开放制度创新

中国(上海)自由贸易试验区挂牌成立后在开放上采用了"负面清单"模式,增值电信业务也位列其中,这标志着中国增值电信市场的新一轮开放已拉开帷幕。为进一步加快增值电信业务的开放,将引进外资的政策落到实处,进行上海自贸区增值电信业务开放制度创新是当下的首要任务。立足上海自贸区现状,结合中国增值电信业发展的大环境,为上海自贸区增值电信业务开放存在的问题提出相应的对策建议、提供制度保障迫在眉睫。降低上海自贸区增值电信业务准入门槛,消除业内隐性壁垒,建立健全相关法律、法规,加强事中监管和市场退出机制建设等是上海自贸区进一步推进增值电信业务开放的必然要求。     

Liberalization of EU telecommunications and trade: theory, gravity equation analysis and policy implications

The liberalization of telecommunications has contributed to considerable price reductions in international telephony and to rising volumes of telecommunications. This raises the issue of the economic impact of international telephony. Falling international information and transaction costs should stimulate competition and enlarge the market radius for producers in the tradables sector—this lets us to expect trade creation effects of international telecommunications; this in turn should raise output provided that more intensive international telecommunications stimulates international diffusion of knowledge or brings about trade-related specialization gains. Based on a modified gravity equation which is taking into account the role of international telecommunication volumes—based on new ITU data—we show that international telephony has a significant positive impact on trade volume: A rise of the international telecommunications volume by 10% raises trade by 2% in Europe. At the same time the coefficients of the traditional variables, GDP in the exporting and the importing country, are smaller than in traditional approaches. Thus from a policy perspective the modernization and growth of the international telecommunications network—within a system of enhanced competition—is crucial for Europe: economic integration will be reinforced. From this perspective the Lisbon Agenda is right to emphasize the importance of creating a digitally networked knowledge society.

经济全球化下国际贸易措施与投资措施的相关性研究

当今经济全球化的发展,使得国际贸易与国际投资更紧密地结合在一起,而国际贸易与国际投资之间的密切联系又导致贸易措施与投资措施之间的交叉影响,即贸易措施对投资或投资措施对贸易将发生越来越重要的作用。随着加入世贸后我国参与经济全球化程度的日益加深,以贸易与投资为主要内容的对外经贸合作获得了长足发展。我国应当顺应国际贸易与投资的发展趋势,有效地将贸易政策措施与投资政策措施结合起来,实现两者的良性互动。     

Telecommunications Investment in Africa: Implications of US Reform of the International Settlement Rate System*

Abstract: This paper investigates the possible effects of the US reform of the international settlement rate system on telecommunications investment in Africa. We estimate a telecommunications investment equation using a panel data of 51 African countries during the 1991–2003 period and find that settlement payments have significantly positive effects on telecommunications investment in African countries. A 10 percent increase in settlement payment, on average, increases the telecommunications investment expenditure to GDP ratio by 3.4 percent over a three‐year period. Using previously calculated revenue loss from the US reform, our estimates suggest that African countries stand to lose between 4.4 to 11 percentage points of their telecommunications investment in the medium run and with it, possible decreases in income growth rate. However, we argue that African countries can counter the effects of this revenue loss by increasing the efficiency of telecommunications investment through appropriate market restructuring, including the promotion of competition and privatization.     

Spillovers from foreign direct investment in services: Evidence at sub-sectoral level for the Asia-Pacific

We take a sectoral level approach to analyzing the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. We disaggregate FDI first by manufacturing versus services, then within services by financial services, trade services, and business services. We consider the effects of FDI inflows on growth of GDP per capita, then distinguish between growth in manufacturing and services value added per capita. Our data sample comprises 14 Asia Pacific economies for the period 1985–2012 to which we apply a dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation technique. Services FDI as a whole is found to have a significantly positive impact on GDP growth while manufacturing FDI is found to have no effect. The impetus for growth from services FDI traces to financial services in particular, acting not only directly on service sector output but through manufacturing sector output as well. By contrast, trade services FDI is found to have a significantly negative effect on manufacturing output with no significant effect on services output. Foreign participation in trade services may act to expose domestic manufacturers to international competition and may also lead to domestic consolidation to take advantage of economies of scale.     

影响跨国公司技市转移的因素分析

全球经济中已形成了以跨国公司为主体的复杂一体化的国际生产体系。在这一体系中，跨国公司特别是来自发达国家的跨国公司既是先进技术的载体和绝大多数前沿技术的创新者，也是国际技术转移与技术扩散的主体。随着前沿创新领域的扩展、创新成本的迅速提升以及高科技活动战略联盟的发展，没有跨国公司的直接参与而获得新技术将是一件越来越困难的事。而且，随着FDI机制越来越自由化的发展，创新活动成本的提升使跨国公司更倾向于内部的技术转移：随着我国加入wT0，开放的逐步深化，贸易投资的日益自由化可能会进一步使技术引进的政策失效可见，如何在大量吸引外资的同时加速外商技术转移已成为我们引进外资过程中亟需解决的一大重要课题。本文首先分析了跨国公司技术转移实现的过程，进而提出了跨国公司技术转移的行为函数，以此为基础建立了总体分析模型，明确了影响跨国公司技术转移的现实经济因素．为进一步确立政策选择思路提供了理论依据。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Services Trade: Evidence from Malaysia and Singapore

Abstract

Services trade is an important source of growth in Malaysia and Singapore. Both economies are export-oriented and actively court foreign direct investment (FDI) to advance their economic objectives of industrialization and economic development. This paper examines the causal linkages between inward FDI and the country's engagement in services trade in bi-variate and tri-variate VAR frameworks. The empirical findings for Singapore show evidence of bi-directional causality between inward FDI and the total trade volume in services (i.e. the absolute sum of payments and receipts) as well as between FDI and services imports (in the tri-variate specification). This may reflect her relative open foreign investment policy and free trade regime in services. For Malaysia, the evidence of causality is weaker and uni-directional, from inward FDI to services imports. These findings are consistent with the different stages of economic development and openness attained by the two sample countries, and they provide useful background for trade and foreign investment policies and development strategies.     

福建服务贸易国际竞争力分析

随着世界服务贸易的快速发展,国际服务贸易市场的竞争日益加剧。本文选用服务贸易净出口、TC和RCA三个指数,对福建服务贸易的国际竞争力状况进行定量分析,从而正确认识和客观评价福建服务贸易的比较优势和国际竞争力水平。     

Time differences,communication and trade: longitude matters II

This paper uses a gravity model to examine the effect of time differences between countries on international trade. It builds on previous studies of this issue by including a wider set of control variables, focusing on a longer time period, and testing a series of related hypotheses. The results show that time differences have a negative impact on merchandise trade, with each hour of time difference reducing trade by between 2 and 7 %, although the size of the effect has fallen in recent decades. There is also evidence that the negative impact of time differences is smaller where mechanisms of formal contract enforcement are stronger, and where co-ethnic networks are more prevalent, and that time differences reduce bilateral telephone traffic as well as trade. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that time differences reduce trade by raising the non-pecuniary costs of travel and communication.     

中国服务贸易国际地位与竞争力比较

国际服务贸易的发展呈现出新的特征:服务可贸易性大大提高,技术知识密集性服务贸易发展很快,发展中国家在服务贸易中的地位在上升,服务贸易壁垒更加隐蔽化。中国的服务贸易虽然在改革开放后有了较大发展,但国际竞争力仍然较低。主要体现在:服务贸易开放度不高;年增长率较高但相当一部分靠进口维持;国际占有率不高;技术、知识型服务偏低。中国服务贸易的显示比较优势指数不仅低于发达国家,甚至与一些发展中国家也有差距。     

外商直接投资对我国服务贸易的影响研究——基于1982～2010年时间序列数据的实证分析

本文基于向量自回归(VAR)模型,利用我国1982～2010年度的经济数据,对我国外商直接投资对我国服务贸易的影响进行实证分析,结果表明:外商直接投资与我国服务贸易进口、出口之间存在协整关系;服务贸易进口与FDI存在双向的因果关系。无论从长期或短期来看,外商直接投资对我国服务贸易进出口的效应均为正。基于此,我国应制定相关吸引外资的政策,重视服务贸易人才培养,并促进我国货物贸易出口与服务贸易出口协调发展,进而发挥货物贸易出口对服务贸易出口的带动作用。     

Services Trade Liberalisation Strategies for APEC Member Economies

A tribute to a member of our team
The work on measuring restrictions on trade in services would not have been possible without Kaleeswaran Kalirajan. KK, as he was known, was an extremely talented and energetic econometrician who worked tirelessly to develop new methodologies to measure the price and cost effects of restrictions on trade in services. KK died unexpectedly in 2003. He, and his pioneering contribution to this work, will not be forgotten.
APEC member economies are moving forward with liberalising their services markets. They have agreed to free and open trade and investment by 2020. In achieving this goal, APEC member economies can benefit greatly from understanding the effects of removing certain types of restrictions. This article brings together, for the first time, comprehensive measures of restrictions on trade in services and their liberalisation effects. APEC member economies can use these measures and analysis to devise strategies to pursue further services trade liberalisation.     

影响跨国公司技术转移的因素分析

全球经济中已形成了以跨国公司为主体的复杂一体化的国际生产体系。在这一体系中,跨国公司特别是来自发达国家的跨国公司既是先进技术的载体和绝大多数前沿技术的创新者,也是国际技术转移与技术扩散的主体。随着前沿创新领域的扩展、创新成本的迅速提升以及高科技活动战略联盟     

进一步完善服务贸易统计体系研究——以浙江省宁波市为例

完善服务贸易统计体系,做好国际服务贸易统计工作,为服务贸易的发展提供咨询、监督、预警和指导,是大力发展服务贸易所必须解决的一项基础性课题。由于服务贸易统计体系涉及部门较多,情况分散复杂,在推动和发展服务贸易的过程中尚未形成一个整体协调的有效工作体制,建立并完善宁波市服务贸易统计体系的步伐比较缓慢。文章认为,完善宁波服务贸易统计体系必须改善国际收支申报的细节工作,优化服务贸易申报过程;改进统计方法——大力提倡抽样调查法收集统计数据;确立有效的服务贸易统计主体;加快宁波服务贸易统计的制度化、信息化和科学化建设。     

Trade in services and returns on multinational activity

Conclusion This note has attempted to clarify both the theoretical and empirical reasons why the returns on the performance of a foreign subsidiary’s operations ought to be seen as returns on firm-specific knowledge (FSKs) which should be included in discussion of trade in services. This difficult task was not accomplished in a satisfactory manner by Ramstetter and Lee. It is entirely inappropriate to unbundle the activities of MNEs into returns on financial investment and a residual used to proxy payments for FSK. Rugman [1987] did not assume that the opportunity cost of financial capital is zero; rather that the “investment” activity of the MNE cannot be divorced from its FSK. The MNE uses internal markets as an integrated process to transfer FSK across national borders, raising theoretical and empirical issues for the international accounting of trade in services.     

进一步提升我国服务贸易发展的对策研究

随着全球经济的发展,我国的服务贸易得到蓬勃发展.目前,我国服务贸易的进出口还是以运输、旅游等传统行业为主,其主要属于劳动密集型产业,而资本、知识和技术密集型服务对我国服务贸易的贡献较小.巩固传统服务贸易的优势,大力发展资本密集型、技术和知识密集型的现代服务贸易,将有利于我国国际服务贸易的快速发展,有利于开拓国际服务贸易的新领域,更将有力地推动我国经济的健康稳定发展,增强我国的国际竞争力.     

中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力分析——基于BOP和FATS统计的分析

本文选择了中国等18个经济体,对跨境交付和商业存在两种模式下中国金融服务贸易的国际竞争力进行了比较分析,主要结论是:1.关于跨境交付的金融服务贸易,中国的竞争力非常差,处于18个经济体的最后一名;2.关于商业存在模式下的金融服务贸易,不论是与东亚经济体相比,还是与"金砖四国"的其他成员相比,中国的金融业都具备了较强的竞争力,但与发达经济体相比,还存在不小差距。最后,根据实证分析的结论,提出了提升中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力的对策。     

中国及上海服务贸易国际竞争力研究

本文总结了中国及上海服务贸易的发展现状,通过对国际市场占有率、服务贸易竞争优势指数、显示比较优势指数、显示性竞争优势指数等指标的测算,探讨了中国及上海服务贸易的国际竞争力。另外,本文对上海服务贸易的影响因素进行了实证分析,探讨了当前服务贸易国际竞争力低下的原因,并在此基础上提出若干对策建议。     

Time preference and two-country trade

We present a dynamic two-country model of international trade with endogenous time preference. We show that if the two countries have similar preferences, production technologies and labor endowments, there exists a unique and stable steady state such that both consumption and investment goods are produced in both countries. Unlike the case of constant time preferences, the steady state is independent of the initial international distribution of capital. We prove a dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin theorem such that the labor-abundant country exports the labor-intensive good.     

日本对外贸易竞争力的提升策略及其启示

日本是世界贸易大国,对外贸易量长期居世界前4位,产品研发、品牌创建和营销服务等领域处于世界领先水平,工业制成品是日本主要出口产品,具有很强的外贸竞争力。政策体系支持、技术引进创新、外贸战略导向、产业调整升级、产学研相结合等促进对外贸易发展、提升外贸竞争力的措施和策略在实践中取得了明显绩效,值得中国学习和借鉴。