田口线内质量工程学探析

引言 线内质量工程学（On—line Quality Engineering）,又称制造阶段的质量工程学,是日本著名质量管理专家田口玄一博士针对生产现场的工序管理和产品管理提出的系列理论和方法,其核心是基于田口质量观的质量损失函数。     

LINEX Loss Functions with Applications to Determining the Optimum Process Parameters

In the classical Taguchi quality model, the symmetric quadratic loss function has been used to measure the loss of quality. However, there are a number of situations in which the symmetric quadratic loss may be inappropriate. In this paper, we proposed an asymmetric loss function, called linear exponential (LINEX) loss function, to determine optimum process parameters for the product quality. When the coefficient of LINEX loss function is small, it will be close to the quadratic loss. Moreover, the trade-off problem between quality and cost will be discussed.     

Spatial accounting methods and the construction of spatial social accounting matrices

The paper examines modifications to Regional Accounts used to construct regional and interregional Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs). It is argued that as the size of the basic areal unit used in studies declines, more traditional accounting approaches are no longer satisfactory. A three-dimensional spatial approach (termed two-by-two-by-two) to the identification of fundamental dimensions (commodity and factor market; geographical; and social accounts) has been developed in contrast to the more traditional non-spatial approach (termed two-by-two). This involves a novel approach using the geographical concepts of place of production for production activities, place of residence for institutions, marketplace for commodities and marketplace for factors. The use of these concepts permits accounting balances to be calculated at the spatial level. The theoretical basis of the spatial regional accounting model is presented and an example of the construction of a Danish Interregional SAM (SAM-K) is examined. Particular attention is given to data requirements, showing that these are much more modest than generally assumed.     

Integrating MRP (materiel requirements planning) II and JIT to achieve world-class status

The concepts and principles of using manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) for planning are not new. Their success has been proven in numerous manufacturing companies in America. The concepts and principles of using just-in-time (JIT) inventory for execution, while more recent, have also been available for some time, and their success in Japan well documented. However, it is the effective integration of these two powerful tools that open the way to achieving world-class manufacturing status. This article will utilize a newly developed world-class manufacturing model, which will review the aspects of planning, beginning with a business plan through the production planning process and culminating with a master schedule that drives a materiel/capacity plan. The importance and interrelationship of these functions are reviewed. The model then illustrates the important aspects of executing these plans beginning with people issues, through total quality control (TQC) and pull systems. We will then utilize this new functional model to demonstrate the relationship between these various functions and the importance of integrating them with a total comprehensive manufacturing strategy that will lead to world-class manufacturing and profits.     

Operationalization of Social Science Concepts by Intuition

Much has been written about the effects of the wording of survey questions onresponses, whereas, relatively little attention has been given to the content of thequestions or the translation of theoretical concepts into related questions in surveyresearch.In this paper we concentrate on the link between a set of basic concepts for socialscience research and questions that can be formulated to measure these concepts.These basic concepts are: evaluations, cognitive judgments, relations, evaluativebeliefs, feelings, preferences, rights, norms , policies, action tendencies, expectations,behavior, events, knowledge, demographic characteristics and information about place,time and procedures.In order to clarify the link between the concepts and their verbal expressions(assertions) we analyze structures of sentences presenting the different concepts.Eight principally different assertion structures have been found which describemost of the survey concepts.These findings can be used in two ways: one can use them to specify an assertionfor a certain type of concept or alternatively one can also use the system to classifyexisting questions.     

The Alpha Risk of Taguchi Method for LTB Type Quality Characteristic with L<Subscript>8</Subscript>

In Taguchi’s parameter design, the significant parameter levels are found by maximising the signal-to-noise ratio of the quality characteristic. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of signal-to-noise ratio, the combination of column effects to better estimate error variance is referred to as pooling. Taguchi has suggested the strategy of pooling up. When using the pooling-up strategy, there will be a tendency to make the alpha mistake more often. In this paper, it is assumed that (1) the quality chartacteristic is normally distributed and (2) the mean and standard deviation of each factor level combination are equal, then the null hypothesis should be no significant factor. Thus, the alpha risk is that some factors are misidentified as significant factors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the alpha risk of the Taguchi method for the-larger-the-better (LTB) type problem with orthogonal array, L₈, by simulation. The results show that the alpha risk is very high.     

南水北调瀑河渠道倒虹吸工程安全管理与控制

南水北调工程是缓解我国北方地区水资源危机的一项战略性工程,工程投资大、战线长、施工环境复杂、安全隐患多。工程的安全生产管理是一个项目能否正常进行的关键所在,它不仅关系到工程建设,还是一个企业的管理理念的体现。南水北调瀑河渠道倒虹吸工程已经全部完成,进行了移交,在工程施工过程中实现了安全生产零事故,受到国调办、中线局等各级部门及领导的高度评价。实现了效益和安全的双赢。     

单件离散型生产作业排程的多目标协同优化

以某重机企业为背景,分析了单件离散型生产作业排程的特征,提出多目标协同优化问题。基于改进的田口质量损失函数,确立质量、工期与成本之间的非线性关系,综合考虑单件离散型的约束条件,构建了生产作业排程多目标协同优化模型。集成仿真技术和遗传算法,为模型求解提供了有效方法。最后将模型和算法应用到企业的生产实践中,验证了其实用性和有效性,为解决单件离散型生产排程问题提供了科学方法。     

On the contribution of eco-innovation features to a circular economy: A microlevel quantitative approach

The circular economy (CE) and eco-innovation (EI) are two concepts deemed instrumental in achieving a sustainable transition. They have been proposed in the academic literature and by practitioners and have acquired very high public policy relevance, being endorsed by policymakers and ultimately leading to regulations supporting them. It has been argued that both concepts are compatible and interrelated and that EI is instrumental in achieving the CE. However, little is known about how different EI features contribute to the CE at the microlevel. This article tries to cover this gap. Its aim is to assess and quantify the causal relationship between different EI features and the CE with the help of a unique dataset of small- and medium-sized firms in Spain and an econometric analysis. Our results show that only systemic EIs contribute to a global CE, whereas other EI types such as component additions or small changes in existing production processes could even be barriers to high levels of circularity. It is found out that technological novelty is not relevant for reaching the CE. The results support the understanding of how EIs enable a transition to the CE. Care should be taken not to promote incremental EIs that do not only achieve low (or no) circularity but that effectively lock-in the economic system in solutions that entail a barrier to the achievement of high-level circularity.     

Efficiency Performance and Dominance in Influential Subsets: An Evaluation using Fuzzy Clustering and Pair-wise Dominance

The identification of influential subsets in efficiency studies is an ongoing research concern. Seaver et al. (1999) have demonstrated the value of using a fuzzy clustering strategy to identify influential subsets without knowing which production plans are outliers a priori. From a fuzzy clustering perspective, dominance is assessed in terms of the degree of belonging of a production plan in an influential subset. From a production point of view, dominance is assessed in terms of pair-wise comparisons. These concepts of dominance within influential subsets are illustrated using the preprint insertion data set (Girod, 1996).     

Measuring Intersectoral Spillovers: French Evidence

In this paper, we measure the effect of internal R&D and various spillover concepts on productivity growth, using a database for France that covers the period 1978–92. Three spillover concepts are distinguished: rent spillovers related to investment goods; rent spillovers related to intermediate goods; pure knowledge spillovers. When production is measured by gross output, all three spillover concepts yield positive and statistically significant coefficients. Each concept has a measurable effect on technological progress at the sectoral level.     

An alteration to BATNEEC

BATNEEC is a regulatory concept which has caused concern both in terms of definition and application. BATNEEC has relied on end of pipe technology to prevent and control pollution, which has tended to ignore the role of managerial techniques, such as waste minimisation. Waste minimisation has been publicised widely as a method of reducing costs and assisting compliance, but no robust methodology has been presented. There is evidence that this weakness has slowed down its use in compliance. HMIP (now the Environment Agency) has recently developed and tested a more robust methodology, the 3Es, which should enable more industrialists to use the concepts of waste minimisation as BATNEEC, thus moving away from the end of the pipe up into the process. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

生产型企业精益生产方式下的成本管理研究

成本管理是企业经营管理中重要的一环,只有建立了良好的成本管理制度,企业才能在不断创新的基础上,保持成本的竞争优势。精益成本管理理念作为一种先进的成本管理理念,可以作为企业实施低成本战略的核心思想。本文从精益成本管理理论出发,通过对现有精益生产方式下的成本管理存在的问题进行分析,提出了完善精益成本管理的建议,为中国生产型企业的经营管理提供一个改进成本的方法,为中国生产业的发展做一点有意义的工作。     

Efficiency and total factor productivity of crop production at NUTS1 level in Turkey: Malmquist index approach

Fundamental components of the economy in developing countries are efficiency and productivity. These concepts prevail all around the world and many studies have been conducted on the issue. With the rapidly increasing population, productivity and efficiency of the agricultural sector have become even more important in order to meet the food needs of the population. In this study, NUTS (The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) regions in Turkey were accepted as an decision making unit and the efficiency values of these regions, changes in the total factor productivity and technology were calculated for the 10-year period covering 1994–2003. Methods of Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Productivity Index were used in order to measure the crop production of NUTS1 regions in Turkey. There has been a decrease in the technical efficiency and total factor productivity in the regions, excluding the Western Marmara, the Aegean, the Mediterranean and The Eastern Blacksea Region, within the 10 year period analyzed. The decrease reflected all over the country. The decrease was caused by the fact that the real price level remained the same; the real prices of the inputs increased despite the decreasing population economically active in the agricultural sector, and the difficulty experienced in integration of the latest technology to the agricultural sector. Regional differences in terms of productivity and efficiency is another striking finding.     

New Developments of the Taguchi Quality Selection Model

The classical Taguchi quality selection model considers the case there is one input characteristic and one output characteristic, and it aims to select the best input mean to minimize the loss of quality. In paper we consider much more general situation: there are n input characteristics and moutput characteristics. For three different cases, namely n < m, n=m and n > m, we develop different techniques to determine the best input means to minimize the loss of quality. It is very interesting to see that the linear programming appears naturally and the well-known simplex algorithm has been used to solve the problems.     

RECENT ADVANCES IN OLIGOPOLY THEORY FROM A GAME THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Abstract. This paper surveys the contribution that recent developments in game theory have made to the understanding of oligopoly theory. It is argued that conventional models suffer from the problem that there are a number of solution concepts offered with little guidance as to which should be selected, and this is related to the static nature of the models employed. One important development in game theory has been the analysis of repeated games, and when applied to oligopoly theory this suggests that outcomes may be more cooperative than conventional theory suggests. Related to this is the requirement that firms employ credible threats to punish cheating from cooperative outcomes, and the paper examines the extent to which imperfect information may restrict the scope of firms to employ such punishments. One way in which firms may seek to make threats credible is through strategic investments, for example in production capacity, and the paper explores how competition over price or output is integrated with competition over instruments for strategic investment.     

Formation of the information systems strategy: in a global financial services company

Over the past few decades, the potential of information systems (IS) to support organizational activities and help them gain competitive advantage has been widely recognized. At the level of strategy, there is a genre of organizational activities dedicated to realizing this potential. Methods known broadly as strategic information planning have been constructed to support such activities in organizations but these methods have not lived up their promises. Meanwhile, the use of evolutionary approaches in the application of IS in organizations have also received some attention. This paper describes and analyzes a case study of the evolution of the IS strategy within LeaseHold NV, a Dutch global leasing company. The study reveals that no IS planning was used. Instead, concepts of organizational evolution are found to be useful in analyzing the development of the IS strategy at LeaseHold.     

Fundamentals of Social Accounting

A series of social accounting matrices (SAMs) are developed in this paper from first principles. Starting with the basic concepts of an institution, real assets and financial claims, the notions of a transaction and production are introduced, and it is shown that a SAM can be developed from the fundamental transactions identity. Accounts for real assets and financial claims are then grafted on to this initial SAM by reference to a similarly fundamental assets identity. Hence, a fully articulated SAM framework is developed which covers institutions, production, assets and their appreciation.     

Canonical ridge and econometrics of joint production

This paper is a continuation of the author's earlier work (1969) in which canonical correlation analysis was used to directly estimate a joint production function as an implicit function of all outputs and inputs. A major difficulty with canonical correlation analysis in this context is its numerical instability when the underlying (economic) data are nearly collinear. This can be partly overcome by considering an adaptation of ridge regression concepts to canonical correlations. The hybrid may be named a ‘canonical ridge’ model. For illustration we discuss a trans-log joint production function based on U.S. (1945-1969) private domestic economy first studied by Christensen, Jorgenson and Lau (1973).     

Organisational learning,learning organisation,and learning orientation: An integrative review and framework

Organisational Learning (OL) is essential for the survival of an organisation and has led to a significant amount of conceptual and empirical studies. However, no attempt has yet been made to track the overall evolution of OL literature along with the inter-related concepts of learning organisation and organisational learning orientation. Therefore, the present study attempts to fill this gap and track the interdisciplinary flow of knowledge by applying a structural methodology called Systematic Literature Network Analysis (SLNA). The results reveal four main areas of investigation within the field: i) the fundamentals of OL; ii) OL in relation to managerial and economic variables; iii) management of learning organisation; iv) learning orientation in relation to managerial and economic variables. Furthermore, this review contributes by arranging the findings into a theoretical framework which is termed organisational learning chain. Based on the co-analysis of main themes and key concepts detected, the framework integrates and highlights the factors that influence learning performance in and by organisations. Finally, several further research avenues are discussed, and the benefits of the applied review methodology are highlighted.