Learning investment and industrial diversity in urban growth

This paper studies an urban growth model where learning through personal contacts could be more effective in a denser locale, whereas the effectiveness of learning through impersonal means of communications depends principally on the technology of communications rather than on the locale in which learning takes place. As a result of advances in communications technology, cities would be larger, and workers would spent more time on learning through personal contacts but may cut time on impersonal learning if the two kinds of learning investment are complements. Otherwise, cities could become smaller, while workers would spend more time on impersonal learning at the expense of time on learning through personal contacts. In a multi-sector economy, urban industrial diversity tends to increase or fall together with city size.     

交通基础设施、空间溢出与经济增长:来自中国的实证研究

This paper develops an empirical model to test the spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on economic growth. It uses spatial econometric techniques and provincial panel data of China from 1993 to 2004 to analyze the contribution of transport infrastructure to the economic growth of local province and its spatial spillover effects on the economic growth of other provinces. The main findings include: (1) Transport infrastructure and economic growth of China show an evident pattern of spatial clustering. They largely congregate in developed eastern coastal regions, forming a gradient gradually diminishing from east to west. (2) Output elasticity of local transport infrastructure is 0.106, between the values calculated by early researchers with time series data and panel data. (3) Spatial output spillovers from transport infrastructure are largely positive, but evidences of negative spatial spillovers are also found with population density spatial weights matrix model.      

南京发展循环经济的对策研究

循环经济是一种新兴的经济发展模式．发展循环经济是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式。南京市城市环境质量和环境管理水平在稳步提高，但同时也存在着日益严重的资源与环境压力。文章阐述了循环经济的概念与原则．论述了南京市发展循环经济的基本思路．探讨了南京市发展循环经济的对策与措施。     

Effects on the medical revenue of comprehensive pricing reform in Chinese urban public hospitals after removing drug markups: case of Nanjing

Aims: The State Council of China requires that all urban public hospitals must eliminate drug markups by September 2017, and that hospital drugs must be sold at the purchase price. Nanjing-one of the first provincial capital cities to implement the reform—is studied to evaluate the effects of the comprehensive reform on drug prices in public hospitals, and to explore differential compensation plans.

Methods: Sixteen hospitals were selected, and financial data were collected over the 48-month period before the reform and for 12 months after the reform. An analysis was carried out using a simple linear interrupted time series model.

Results: The average difference ratio of drug surplus fell 13.39% after the reform, and the drug markups were basically eliminated. Revenue from medical services showed a net growth of 28.25%. The overall compensation received from government financial budget and medical service revenue growth was 103.69% for the loss from policy-permitted 15% markup sales, and 116.48% for the net loss. However, there were large differences in compensation levels at different hospitals, ranging from –21.92% to 413.74% by medical services revenue growth, causing the combined rate of both financial and service compensation to vary from 28.87–413.74%, There was a significant positive correlation between the services compensation rate and the proportion of medical service revenue (p?<?.001), and the compensation rate increased by 8% for every 1% increase in the proportion of services revenue.

Discussion: Nanjing’s pricing and compensation reform has basically achieved the policy targets of eliminating the drug markups, promoting the growth of medical services revenue, and adjusting the structure of medical revenue. However, the growth rate of service revenue of hospitals varied significantly from one another.

Conclusions: Nanjing’s reform represents successful pricing and compensation reform in Chinese urban public hospitals. It is recommended that a differentiated and dynamic compensation plan should be established in accordance with the revenue structure of different hospitals.     

南京市城市建成区扩张的时空特征与驱动力分析

以南京市城市建成区为研究对象,分析了南京市城市建成区扩张动态,总结其时空扩张特征,并对南京市社会经济因素进行筛选,从而确定城市扩张的主要驱动因素。研究表明,在1985—2005年间,南京市城市建成区时空扩张呈现沿交通干线扩展和亲水性特征;经济发展、人口增加、产业结构调整和行政区划调整是南京市城市建成区扩张的主要驱动因素。     

Technology diffusion,spatial effects and productivity growth in the Chinese provinces

This paper investigates spatial spillover effects of productivity in China. We set up a model in which a Chinese province achieves productivity growth by taking advantage of productivity spillovers from the world frontier and from other Chinese provinces. By using fixed effects and GMM panel data methods, we show that productivity growth in an inland province in China can be partly attributed to productivity spillover effects of other provinces. We also show that provincial human capital plays an important role in determining the magnitude of these spillover effects.     

Poverty, inequality, and growth in urban China, 1986–2000

Although urban China has experienced spectacular income growth over the last two decades, increases in inequality, reduction in social welfare provision, deregulation of grain prices, and increases in income uncertainty in the 1990s have increased urban poverty. Using a large repeated cross section household survey from 1986 to 2000, this study maps the changes in income, inequality, and poverty over the fifteen-year period and investigates the determinants of poverty. We find that the increase in poverty in the 1990s is associated with the increase in the relative food price and the need to purchase items that were previously provided free or at highly subsidized prices by the state, i.e., education, housing and medical care. In addition, the increased saving rate of poor households, which is due to an increase in income uncertainty, contributes significantly to the increase in poverty measured in terms of expenditure. Journal of Comparative Economics 33 (4) (2005) 710–729.     

南京都市区就业空间结构演变

就业空间结构是解读城市空间结构的重要维度。基于第二次基本单位普查、第二次与第三次经济普查数据,采用贝叶斯克里金地统计、空间自相关、非参数局部加权回归和二项Logistic回归分析等方法探索南京都市区就业空间格局演化特征及就业中心形成的影响因素,研究发现:①2001—2013年,就业机会持续从都市区核心向郊区扩散,但接近半数的就业岗位仍然集中在各个就业中心,就业密度全局莫兰指数(总体集聚程度)变大(增强),"分散中的集聚"是南京都市区就业地理格局的主要特征。②制造业主导型中心始终是就业次中心的重要组成部分,而2008—2013年服务业主导型次中心的显著增多以及主中心的崛起预示着服务经济塑造就业中心的力量愈发突显。③就业次中心更倾向于出现在中心城区内的新城与副城极核、建成环境特别是公共交通可达性优良且产业/经济基础较好的地点。     

南京市旅游国际化水平评价及其发展构想

本文试图以南京市为例探讨城市旅游国际化问题。文章在剖析旅游国际化概念与内涵的基础上,对南京市旅游国际化发展现状进行水平评价与问题分析,并提出推进南京旅游国际化基本思路及有关保障措施。研究表明,目前南京市旅游国际化水平不高,国际化发展还存在许多问题;要迅速提升南京市旅游国际化水平,必须开发一批国际旅游产品,完善旅游配套功能,推进旅游管理与服务国际标准化,加强国际旅游营销,推动旅游经营的国际化,引进和培养国际化人才,同时还需要政府政策和有关措施的支持与配合。     

A spatial econometric analysis of the regional growth and volatility in Europe

Based on a sample of 1,084 European regions (EU15) from 1995 to 2004, we estimate the relationship between the average growth rate of GDP per capita and the volatility of the growth rate allowing for spatial effects. The spatial lag and spatial error models show that the regional per capita growth rate and volatility are significantly positively related on average. However, the inclusion of country interaction terms reveals that the volatility impact is not uniform across countries. In particular, the relationship between growth and volatility is significantly positive for the majority of countries but significantly negative for three countries (namely Finland, Italy, and Ireland).

论中国金融中介发展与经济增长关系——基于2000-2007年数据的实证分析

本文对中国2000年以来金融中介发展与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明,金融中介规模的发展对经济发展的促进作用存在滞后性,并且中国存款货币银行在配置国内信贷过程中相对于中央银行的重要性和经济增长之间有显着的、很强的正相关关系,说明金融中介的不发达已成为制约中国经济增长的“瓶颈”,所以中国金融改革的重心应放在大力促进存款货币银行的发展上。     

技术进步与中国经济增长质量分析(1978～2007)

利用中国1978~2007年的数据,运用增长核算方法分析了中国经济增长的源泉,着重从技术进步和全要素生产率变动角度分析了中国经济增长的质量。研究发现,中国经济增长主要来自要素投入增长;技术进步对中国经济增长的促进作用较小;全要素生产率年均增长率是2.57%,并在2000年以后增幅有所回落。     

Human capital,innovation capability and economic growth in Portugal, 1960-2001

In maintaining that the main flaw in empirical studies on economic growth derives from the fact that they employ Solow-style neoclassical growth models, rather than testing actual endogenous growth theory, we examine the human capital-innovation-growth nexus, thus testing new growth theory more directly. We test its insights against the economic evolution of an individual country, Portugal, using time series data from 1960 to 2001. Estimates based on vector autoregressive and cointegration analysis seem to confirm that human capital and indigenous innovation efforts were enormously important to the economic growth process in Portugal during the period of study. In particular, the indirect effect of human capital through innovation, emerges here as being critical, showing that a reasonably high stock of human capital is necessary to enable a country to reap the benefits of its indigenous innovation efforts.Received: November 2003, Accepted: November 2004, JEL Classification: C22, J24, O30, O40 Correspondence to: Aurora A.C. TeixeiraThe authors are grateful to two anonymous referees, Paulo Brito and the participants of the 2003 Portuguese Society for Economics Research (SPiE) in Lisbon, Portugal for helpful comments and suggestions. CEMPRE - Centro de Estudos Macroeconómicos e Previsão - is supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, through the Programa Operacional Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (POCTI) of the Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III, which is financed by FEDER and Portuguese funds.     

都市圈经济增长的空间相依性研究——基于中国三大都市圈的实证研究

There are a number of theoretical reasons why cities interact with each other. Such spatial interdependence has been largely ignored by the empirical literature with only a couple of recent papers accounting for such issues in their estimation. This paper takes spatial dependence panel data models in specifying and testing to analyze three metropolitan growth behaviors in China. We find that controlling for fixed-effects allows us to disentangle the effect of spatial dependence from that of spatial heterogeneity and that of omitted variables. The estimated relationships of traditional determinants of urbanization are robust to inclusion of terms to capture spatial interdependence, even though such interdependence is estimated to be significant. Additionally, the three metropolitan areas might be said to represent three distinct stages during the urbanization of China.      

Differentiation and restructuring – new space for development of urban center area： a case study of Shizhong District of Ji＇nan City

Taking the development tendency of current world industrial development as the background, this paper restructures the internal space of urban center area by illustrating reasons for internal space differentiation of urban center area, that is to say, according to the tertiary industry interior＇s high-end of value chain after convergence among the primary, the secondary and the tertiary industries, the space structure of urban center area will form the space development mode with characteristic modern service industry cluster districts through vertical segmentation, horizontal derivatization and block aggregation and realize perfect space renewal of urban center area in the end.     

干中学、低成本竞争和增长路径转变

中国经济增长模式转变已经成为了共识,但大多数分析限于宏观分析,缺少对微观行为的机理讨论。本文从分析“干中学”的演进机制入手,得出了赶超型的供给曲线,然后针对“干中学”引起的套利型一哄而起的低成本竞争模式加以探讨,从理论和典型事实上理解了中国经济增长的内生演进机制和技术要素组合方式,最后提出了通过供给政策和深化市场改革来推进经济增长方式转变的结论。     

2002—2011年中国新型城市化空间格局与收敛性分析

根据新型城市化的内涵,从经济、社会、生态、城乡和城市现代等方面,构建中国新型城市化综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法,对2002—2011年中国31个省份进行测评。同时,运用空间分析工具和计量模型,考察了中国新型城市化水平的空间格局和收敛性。结果显示:1全国新型城市化水平呈现逐年上升的趋势,但东部、中部和西部的整体水平差异较大。2在空间格局分析上,各省域新型城市化水平在空间上存在显著的正相关,地域总体格局呈现三级梯度分布的趋势;新型城市化主要是靠长三角和珠三角两大城市群拉动的。3在收敛分析上,新型城市化存在显著的收敛性,应用合理空间模型(SEM)能加快收敛的时间。4在收敛检验方面,引入变量大大提高了模型的拟合程度,并且城镇人口比重最大。研究认为,要加强户籍制度改革,破除城乡二元结构,推动中国城市化健康发展。     

Spatial organization, transport, and climate change: Comparing instruments of spatial planning and policy

Approaching the analysis of climate policies from a spatial organization perspective is necessary for realizing both efficient and effective mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In particular, it allows assessing the potential contribution of specific mechanisms of spatial organization and related spatial planning and policy to climate policy goals. So far, this spatial organization angle of climate policy has hardly received attention in the literature. The main sector significantly contributing to GHG emissions and sensitive to spatial organization and planning is urban transport. A qualitative evaluation of the available spatial organization policy options is provided, on the basis of four standard ‘E criteria’ and a decomposition of CO₂ emissions.     

Efficiency, depth and growth: Quantitative implications of finance and growth theory

We develop a parsimonious finance and endogenous growth model with microeconomic frictions in entrepreneurship and a role for credit constraints. We demonstrate that though an efficiency–growth relation will always exist, the efficiency–depth–growth relation may not. This has implications for the connection between the theory and empirics of finance and growth. We go on to ask whether the model can account for some historical trends in growth, financial depth and financial efficiency for the UK over the period 1850–1913. The best model of finance and growth is one that departs from the standard depth–growth link.