“谋利型纠纷”:后税费时代的村治困境

税费改革后国家与农民的关系重新调整,农民从义务本位向责任本位转移。一方面,村集体治权和治责大大弱化,村级治理陷入乏力困境。另一方面,农民却越来越强势,部分农民表现出为获得更多利益而不择手段,这就是本文所指涉的"谋利型纠纷"。究其原因,这既与后税费时代国家治理的转型有关,又与农村社会自身基础的变迁相关。"谋利型纠纷"的凸显并蔓延映射出村庄治理的失序和困境。因此,加强乡村社会道德秩序的重建和村庄组织能力的建设就成为当务之急。     

农村集体产权制度改革的三重维度与秩序均衡——一个政治经济学的分析框架

集体所有制是中国农村社会的制度根基,其四十年改革变迁是农村生产关系不断调整和完善的反映,农民利益保护与利益发展始终是这一进程的核心议题。从国家维度分析,农村集体产权制度是农民利益保护的主要制度基础;从市场维度分析,合理有效的产权配置是解决农民利益发展市场化的关键;从农民维度分析,产权要素与市场要素集聚混合所带来的发展新动能与风险并存。农村过渡性市场是集体产权制度改革进程中的秩序均衡策略,其对农村产权安排的稳定性具有调控作用,对农民利益发展具有推动作用。     

农村环境治理不能让农民靠边站

<正>农民是农村环境问题的制造者,同时也是直接的利益相关者。农民天然"在场"的特点决定了农民应该是农村环境问题治理的核心主体,这也是治理农村环境问题的逻辑基础和合理性根源所在。然而,现行的农村环境治理模式却选择了"政府主导",使农民处于边缘化,成为旁观者、被动者甚至是对抗者。显然,这种治理模式与农村环境问题不相匹配,不但增加了农村环境治理和监督成本,同时"一刀切"、"短平快"、强硬执     

农地流转实现农业、农民和农村的同步转型了吗

农地流转是推进农村经济社会转型、解决"三农"问题的核心与关键,可从转型视角评价农地流转的效应。基于分析农地流转与农村经济社会转型的系统关联和互动机理的基础上,本文利用弹性系数计算2001—2012年农地流转在促进农业、农民和农村转型(下文简称"三农"转型)中的效应,研究发现,农地流转对"三农"转型的效应具有非均衡性:农民转型、农村转型滞后于农业转型,但是三者总体演变和发展趋势是基本一致的;并对省域农地流转的农业、农民和农村转型效应计算并进行类型划分,共分为八大类。需要通过顶层设计、农地流转动力的权衡、保护小农经济和中产阶层、"四化同步"发展和农地流转治理结构优化等方面,实现农地流转"三农"转型效应的联动。     

夯实基层基础,推进乡村善治

<正>乡村治理有效是乡村振兴的重要内容,推进乡村善治是实施乡村振兴战略的基本要求之一。党的十九大报告明确提出要加强农村基层基础工作,健全自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系。改革开放40年来,我国农村发生了翻天覆地的变化,取得了举世瞩目的成就。与此同时,农村经济结构深刻变化,农村社会关系深刻调整,农村利益关系错综复杂,农民利益诉求日益多样,乡村治理面临复杂的变化与严峻的挑战。农村生产方式由单一到复杂,既为乡     

农村城市化进程中的“被城市化”及其治理对策

农村城市化是一个国家和地区经济社会现代化程度的重要标志,能够有效地解决我国的三农问题.但是在我国农村城市化进程中出现了“被城市化”的异化现象,其背后的原因是地方政府由于经济发展、追求经济利益和追求政绩的需要.农村“被城市化”现象的治理需要国家从法律上保障农民的权益,建立农民参与机制;坚持因地制宜的城市化原则;完善农村社会保障建设;理顺农业发展与城市化的关系.     

转型时期的乡村治理机制问题

以城市化与工业化为基本标志的现代化带来了农村社会的危机,处于关键转型期的中国农村,社会分化日益严重,因利益诉求不同而引发的各种社会矛盾不断。而现存的亟待转型的乡村治理结构是乡村社会最大的深层矛盾。如何创新乡村治理机制,确保农民利益、化解社会矛盾以维护农村社会稳定,是当前需要研究和解决的重要议题。乡村治理问题的解决需要内部化和社会化,一方面,要从乡村社会内部寻找机制创新的动力,以社区需求作为治理目标,创新治理主体和手段;另一方面,外部的制度供给也是乡村治理创新实现的重要保障。因此,需要不断推动相关的法制建设和体制改革。     

文化传播与农村文化治理:问题与路径——基于江苏省J市农村文化建设的实证分析

本文提倡从传播的维度对农村文化建设进行分析,而当前有关乡村文化传播与乡村治理的研究存在以大众传媒窄化乡村文化传播内涵的缺陷。乡村文化传播关注的是农村社群中意义的共享和文化认同的培养,对它的理解不能脱离乡村治理的历史脉络和现实语境。国家、乡村精英和农民被视为参与农村文化传播的三个主要行动者。总的来说,压力型体制下的乡村文化治理未能有效调动农村文化传播代理人(乡村干部)的主动性,也忽视了农民的参与。同时,农村文化传播中存在关系网络、过程和语境的断裂,从而难以在村庄内部有效构建公共文化行动的基础。在政府主导的文化传播之外,农村文化处于一种混杂状态。农村文化建设应当以农民的参与和认同为路径,通过传播自觉促进乡村文化治理。     

新型城镇化进程中农村社区社会治理工作的思考

<正>改革开放30多年来,我国农村经济社会结构、生产经营方式和农村治理机制都发生了深刻变革。随着新型城镇化的推进,农村社区社会治理又带来了一系列新课题、新挑战、新要求。农村社区社会治理是整个国家治理体系的基础,加强和创新农村社区社会治理工作,关系到农民的切身利益、城乡一体化进程及全面小康社会目标的实现。     

给农村抵御非法宗教注入“抗体”

<正>农村非法宗教问题不是孤立存在的,它与30多年来农村出现包括治理困境、伦理危机、价值失落、精神空虚等一系列问题一脉相连。重要根源之一是,党和国家的基层组织在农村社会巨大变革和转型的过程中,逐渐从农村的社会管理和私人领域退出,变革与转型所带来的成本和阵痛皆由农民自己去承担。因此,治理农村非法宗教,首先应加强党在农村的组织建设,增强党领导农村的能力。加大对农村基础设施、公共服务、公益事业的建设和投入,为农民提供一个便捷舒适、能够安居乐业的社会和自然环境。将农村的社会建设战略落到     

Effect of yield and price risk on conversion from conventional to organic farming*

Although the benefits of organic farming are already well known, the conversion to organic farming does not proceed as the Dutch government expected. In order to investigate the conversion decisions of Dutch arable farms, a discrete stochastic dynamic utility‐efficient programming (DUEP) model is developed with special attention for yield and price risk of conventional, conversion and organic crops. The model maximizes the expected utility of the farmer depending on the farmer’s risk attitude. The DUEP model is an extension of a dynamic linear programming model that maximized the labour income of conversion from conventional to organic farming over a 10 year planning horizon. The DUEP model was used to model a typical farm for the central clay region in the Netherlands. The results show that for a risk‐neutral farmer it is optimal to convert to organic farming. However, for a more risk‐averse farmer it is only optimal to fully convert if policy incentives are applied such as taxes on pesticides or subsidies on conversion, or if the market for the organic products becomes more stable.     

Efficient Waste? Why Farmers Over-Apply Nutrients and the Implications for Policy Design

Understanding why farmers over-apply fertilizer is essential to designing effective agro-environmental policy. If farmers are simply inefficient, possibilities exist for simultaneously improving farm profits and the environment. If not, costly trade-offs are necessary. This article examines why farmer perceptions of agronomic advice, input substitutability, hidden opportunity costs, uncertainty, and risk aversion can make it economically rational to "waste" fertilizer by applying it above agronomically recommended rates. I use this information to evaluate the relative merits of policy responses such as insurance, education, cost-shares, regulation, taxes, and land retirement.     

吉林省农民专业合作社的融资问题研究

农民专业合作社在国家政策支持下得到了快速发展,然而资金紧缺成为制约其发展的瓶颈。文章以吉林省农民专业合作社为例对其融资问题展开研究,针对吉林省农民专业合作社的发展现状,从资本构成、债务来源、融资困难程度等3个方面对融资现状进行分析,发现目前吉林省农民合作社债务融资比例较低,且民间融资成为其主要融资来源,多数合作社存在不同程度的融资困难。并选取影响农民专业合作社融资问题的合作社盈利能力、合作社抗风险能力、合作社管理机制、信用状况、涉农金融机构信贷倾向、涉农金融机构创新能力和政府政策等7个变量建立解释结构模型(ISM),最终得出信用状况和金融机构的创新能力是影响合作社融资的根本原因,合作社的盈利能力和涉农金融机构的信贷倾向是表层原因,合作社的抗风险能力、管理机制和政府政策则是通过底层信用状况和涉农金融机构的创新能力传导到表层。针对合作社融资难,该文从合作社、涉农金融机构、当地政府等方面,提出相应对策与建议。     

关于矿产资源税费制度改革的探讨

文章根据国内外学者的矿产资源税费理论观点以及目前我国矿产资源税费征收在实践操作过程中存在的问题,提出矿产资源补偿费在征收上应体现级差地租;矿产资源税费的制定要符合国家政策,并随着国家政策和经济形势的变化而调整;同时,对不同矿种的矿产资源补偿费费率的制定提出了建议。     

重庆市农民合作社可持续发展影响分析

[目的]不同区域的农民合作社所处的发展环境和阶段不同,影响合作社可持续发展的因素也存在差异。通过探析重庆市农民合作社可持续发展的影响因素,提出针对性的政策建议,以期为农民合作社可持续发展提供重要参考。[方法]文章基于重庆市323个农民合作社的问卷调查数据,将影响农民合作社可持续发展的因素分为人力资源、运行机制、经营效果和外部环境4类,利用二元Logistic模型,对农民合作社可持续发展及其影响因素进行实证分析,在此基础上提出相关政策建议。[结果]普通成员的文化程度、管理者能力、合作社的组织结构完善性、成员对合作社的信任度、合作社的盈利能力、合作社的带动能力、政府的支持作用等对农民合作社的可持续发展具有显著正向影响,政府对内部事务的干预对农民合作社的可持续发展具有显著负向影响,其中管理者能力的影响远远高于其他因素。[结论]该文提出通过规范内部治理机制、提升人力资源素质、完善危机预警机制、优化外部发展环境和加强合作文化建设等政策含义,推动农民合作社可持续发展。     

2011年集体林权制度改革效果监测报告

通过对福建等7个省、56县、279村、2800户的入户调查,研究了样本地区集体林权制度改革进展和取得的成效:农户经营林地面积翻一番,营林投资水平提高,森林资源量质双增,林地产出率增加,农户对改革措施总体满意。急需国家在扩大政策性森林保险范围、发展林业合作组织、加强林业科技服务、强林惠林等方面出台政策。最后,从农户政策需求出发,探讨了国家下一步政策的基本取向,并在此基础上提出政策建议。     

Using an analytic hierarchy process approach to prioritize public policies addressing family farming in Brazil

In Brazil, some see intensive, large-scale production of sugarcane-based ethanol, based on a model of capital and land concentration, as a threat to the survival of family farming. Family farmers are increasingly under pressure to sell or rent land to mills where sugarcane monoculture is expanding. In this context, the government is working to formulate or change public policies in order to support farmer livelihoods in sugarcane growing regions. The present study is based on research conducted in the municipality of Ipiranga de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil. It employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, with participation of stakeholders at federal, state and municipal levels, to support public policy decision-making addressing family farming. The stakeholders prioritize environmental and economic benefits as the most important criteria requiring the attention of policy makers. Also, stakeholders agree that diversification of production is the most appropriate alternative for strengthening family farming. The AHP approach can be the starting point in the formulation of public policies. The approach helps ensure transparency, and it purposefully includes family farmer points of view. Policies derived from this process, therefore, may have a higher likelihood of being supported and accepted by farmers.     

Using scenario-based influence mapping to examine farmers’ biosecurity behaviour

Understanding of farmers’ influences relating to biosecurity is surprisingly weak, beyond general remarks that farmers tend to trust their private vet. Previous studies have explored influences in relation to single issue events. There is a need for better methodologies to fully appreciate how farmers’ biosecurity practices are shaped. Using bovine Tuberculosis as a case study, this paper uses stakeholder mapping methods applied across different scenarios. The aim is to identify how farmers’ responses to animal disease policy are shaped by their relationships with different actors. Interviews were conducted with 50 farmers in three areas in England. Farmers were presented with four scenarios to control bovine Tuberculosis: 1) a badger cull, 2) an oral badger vaccine, 3) a cattle vaccine and 4) a range of control measures. The results show that as things get more uncertain, government institutions become more influential. Government institutions and government vets are also important in situations where farmers do not consider themselves ‘experts’ i.e. vaccination as opposed to culling. The influence of other farmers was not universal; it differed between scenarios. These data show the value of scenario-based stakeholder mapping as a methodology that can enable biosecurity researchers to: more accurately and systematically determine stakeholder influence and understand how these influences change and evolve; understand the role of farmer biosecurity practices, the self-concept and ‘good farming’; and identify broader logics of biosecurity that influence and potentially frustrate animal disease policy goals.     

广西木薯产业化发展模式实证研究

该文以广西木薯产业化发展模式中的主导模式"公司+基地+农户"以及"龙头企业+合作社+农户"为例,分析了广西木薯产业化模式中参与主体之间的联结问题。针对两种模式中优点与不足,该文就生产基地、龙头企业、农户和政府等产业化经营参与主体方面的建设提出了一些合理的政策建议。     

Farmers’ constraints,governmental support and climate change adaptation: Evidence from Guangdong Province,China

While climate change is widely acknowledged, the role of government support in adaptation is less understood. We narrow this knowledge gap by modelling adaptation as a three‐stage process where a farmer sequentially decides: (i) whether there is a need for adaptation; (ii) whether there are constraints that prevent adaptation; and (iii) whether such constraints are removed through government support. We develop a triple‐hurdle model to describe this decision‐making process and empirically estimate the impact of government support using a rural household survey from Guangdong Province, China. It is found that government support is positively associated with raising the odds of adaptation by about one quarter. This magnitude is larger than the estimates in recent literature, suggesting government support is more effective for farmers bound by constraints. Therefore, for cost‐effective policy outcomes there is a need to identify the constraints and the farmers facing them.