Economic Targeting of Agricultural Beneficial Management Practices to Address Phosphorus Runoff in Manitoba

The mechanisms used to deliver agricultural beneficial management practices (BMPs) can influence the performance of these policies. Research has suggested that agri‐environmental instruments targeted based on specific economic or environmental characteristics can improve policy performance. Using a case study approach, we evaluate the relative performance of different mechanisms to target subsidized water retention pond BMPs to reduce phosphorus (P) runoff in an agriculture dominated subwatershed within the Lake Winnipeg watershed in southern Manitoba. The water retention pond BMPs were targeted based on estimated establishment costs (cost targeting), total phosphorus removal from surface water (benefit targeting), and pond‐specific benefit–cost ratios. The targeting was simulated using predictions of retention pond‐specific P removal from an adapted hydrology model and site‐specific pond construction and land opportunity costs assembled in a geographic information system database. Targeting of water retention pond BMPs has an impact on the cost effectiveness of the policy delivery with benefit–cost targeting being the most cost‐effective approach. Water retention ponds providing higher P removal at lower cost were smaller in size and on land previously used for the production of lower value crops. Le ciblage économique des pratiques de gestion bénéfiques en agriculture pour remédier au ruissellement du phosphore au Manitoba Les mécanismes utilisés pour livrer des pratiques de gestion bénéfiques (PGB) peuvent influencer la performance de ces politiques. Des études suggèrent que le ciblage d'instruments agroenvironnementaux basé sur des caractéristiques économiques ou environnementales précises peut améliorer la performance des politiques. Au moyen d'études de cas, nous évaluons la performance relative de divers mécanismes pour cibler les PGB des bassins de rétention d'eau subventionnés pour réduire le ruissellement de phosphore (P) dans un sous‐bassin du bassin du Lac Winnipeg au sud du Manitoba. Les PGB du bassin de rétention des eaux ont été ciblées en fonction des coûts estimés d'établissement (ciblage des coûts), de l′élimination totale du phosphore de la surface de l'eau (ciblage des bénéfices), et des ratios avantages‐coûts liés au bassin. Le ciblage fut simulé au moyen de prédictions du taux de suppression de P spécifique à chaque bassin de rétention obtenues à partir d'une adaptation d'un modèle hydrologique et d'une base de données d'un système d'information géographique (SIG) contenant les sites de chaque bassin de rétention et le coût d'opportunité du terrain. Le ciblage des PGB des bassins de rétention d'eau a un impact sur la rentabilité de la mise en ?uvre de politiques, le ciblage coût‐avantages étant l'approche la plus rentable. Les bassins de rétention d'eau ayant le plus haut taux d'élimination de P à moindre coût s'avéraient plus petits et sur des terrains ayant servi, auparavant, à la production de cultures de moindre valeur.     

围绕提高我国农业竞争力 加强技术经济研究工作--中国农业技术经济研究会第七次会员代表大会开幕词

中国农业技术经济研究会第七次会员代表大会暨学术研讨会现在开幕。根据研究会的章程，研究会每隔5年召开会员代表大会，选举新的理事会。1997年11月，我们在广州召开了第六次会员代表大会，选举出第六届理事会。现在时隔5年，我们在四川省绵阳市召开第七次会员代表大会，将选举出第七届理事会。这次会员代表大会的代表范围是：第六届理事会的理事和名誉理事长、顾问，第七届理事会的理事候选人；特邀代表。参加这次会员代表大会的实到代表为120人。     

农业生产活动对土壤侵蚀影响的经济研究

本文在介绍我国土壤侵蚀概况的基础上,通过回顾相关文献综合影响土壤侵蚀的各种因素,利用省级数据探索了农业生产活动对土壤侵蚀的影响。研究发现,森林覆盖率、作物复种指数以及单位劳动投入等因素对土壤侵蚀作用显著。文章提出在扩大农业公共投资的背景下,应该特别关注农业生产活动本身对环境可能造成的负面影响。     

农业经营组织两极化结构对农民增收的影响及其变革

一、问题的提出　　本文的理论前提是 :结构决定功能 ,不同的制度结构在不同的发展环境下降低交易费用的功能是不同的 ,在现有制度结构下 ,由外部性、规模经济、风险和交易成本所引起的交易费用过高从而使增加收入不能实现时 ,一种新制度的创新可能应运而生 ,并使这些潜在收入的增加成为可能。农村实行家庭联产承包责任制后 ,重塑了农业生产组织的微观基础 ,激发了农业经济主体的活力 ,使农村生产力得到了极大发展 ,农民收入明显增加 ,但它并没有解决农业产业的深层次矛盾。随着市场经济的发展 ,农村中又显露出诸多新问题和新矛盾 ,农业竞争…     

Impact of Agricultural Transition on Soil Protection in Ukraine: The Role of Institutional Change

At the time of post-socialist agricultural transition in Ukraine the focus was on privatisation of land resources, decentralisation and restructuring of the sector. While its impact on agricultural productivity has been thoroughly analysed, there have been few studies addressing the environmental effects of the process. Using the method of document analysis, this paper examines in detail the change in institutions regulating soil protection in agriculture and discusses its implications for the behaviour of agricultural producers and specific soil protection measures applied. The results of analysis suggest that having destroyed the elaborate Soviet soil protection system, Ukraine did not manage to develop a new set of legal rules, nor their enforcement mechanisms, to enable soil protection in the new political and economic setting. This paper discusses the reasons for this institutional failure and provides insights that can be applied to assess the impact of agricultural transition on soils in other countries in Europe and beyond.     

The Economic Impact of Marena’s Investments on Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Honduras

This study examines the economic impact of sustainable agricultural production systems in Central America. In particular, we investigate the impact of investments promoted by the MARENA Programme in Honduras on the total value of agricultural production (TVAP) of its beneficiaries. Propensity Score Matching techniques along with the Difference‐in‐Differences framework are used to mitigate biases stemming from differences in observed as well as unobserved (time‐invariant) characteristics between beneficiaries and a control group. The econometric estimates suggest that MARENA has had a positive and significant effect on the TVAP of beneficiaries. In addition, the analysis shows that, under alternative scenarios, MARENA yielded higher than expected internal rates of return. The results of this study shed light on the response of small‐scale hillside farmers to economic incentives and lend support to the role of natural resource management projects in Central America as a tool to increase household income while also promoting the conservation of natural resources.     

技术进步的经济效益与环境成本弹性变化——基于环境污染变动率的实证分析

从总量上来说,经济增长通常会引起环境污染的增加,但从经济效益与环境成本的比较角度考虑,有必要从效率(单位成本的经济产出)变化趋势的角度分析技术进步所对应的经济增长变化率与环境污染变化率之间的关系。本文运用全国30个省份的数据进行技术进步的环境成本-经济效益分析。结果显示:技术进步所引起的GDP增长变动率大于环境污染的变动率,并且环境污染物的净排放量增长速度在降低,在经济增长的变动率大于环境污染的变动率的同时,经济增长的变动率仍然在逐年递增。技术进步的经济效益和环境成本在空间和时间上存在异质性,中东部地区技术进步的经济效益比西部更为显著。为了实现经济的健康清洁发展,应该不断地促进技术进步,充分发挥技术进步的作用,并根据城乡差别有针对性地提高其经济效率。     

财政支农支出对农业经济增长影响的实证分析

本文利用多元协整方程对1980-2006年我国财政支农支出总量及构成与农业产出的关系进行了实证分析.研究发现,财政支农支出确实能够促进农业产出增长,但存在支出总量不足的问题;从财政支农支出的结构采看,各项支出对农业产出的作用差异显著,说明财政支农支出的结构有待进一步优化.基于实证分析结论提出了相应的政策建议.     

区域经济集团化对我国农产品贸易的影响分析

中国在参与区域经济集团化中,农产品贸易开放是一大特点。本文通过我国同各区域经济集团之间的农产品贸易状况,并按照“贸易创造”和“贸易转移”的分析框架,分析了现存的区域经济集团化对我国农产品贸易的具体影响。     

WTO农业谈判与中国农业政策实践

农业政策是多哈回合的核心谈判议题之一。农业谈判结果对于多边贸易体制的稳定、经济全球化的进程、贸易自由化等给各成员国带来的福利具有极其重要的意义。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国农业政策所受到的影响更是引人注目。     

Dynamic Supply Response and Welfare Effects of Technological Change on Perennial Crops: The Case of Cocoa in Malaysia

Modern biotechnology will generate crops with higher yields and enhanced resistance to pests and diseases. In the case of perennial crops, the age composition of the present stand, the farmers' willingness to invest, and the yield profiles of old and new trees determine the speed of adoption of the new technology and the timing of the effects on supply and demand conditions. We adapt conventional welfare measures to account for these factors in the Assessment of research induced supply shifts. The application to cocoa in Malaysia shows that consumers and adopting producers gain and non-adopters lose. Overall, 72% of the welfare gains go to the consumers.     

中国农业技术创新问题研究

本文在对农业技术创新理论研究的基础上，剖析了中国农业技术创新模式的变迁，并针对中国农业技术创新现存的制约因素，提出相应的加快农业技术创新的政策措施。     

基于空间计量模型的耕地利用转型对农业经济增长影响研究

研究目的:分析耕地利用显性转型和隐性转型各形态对湖南省农业经济增长的直接效应和溢出效应。研究方法:投影寻踪模型,空间自相关,空间计量模型。研究结果:(1)农业经济增长、耕地利用显性转型和隐性转型及各形态存在空间关联性;(2)耕地空间位置相邻性导致耕地利用转型各形态对农业经济增长不仅存在直接效应,还产生了影响相邻县域的溢出效应,即本县域农业经济增长1%,相邻县域农业经济将会增长0.28%;(3)耕地利用显性转型各形态对农业经济增长的直接效应和溢出效应高于隐性转型各形态,显性转型中耕地数量形态对农业经济增长的直接效应、溢出效应分别占到总效应的96.47%、34.97%。研究结论:应在合理配置各类生产要素的基础上,开展县域间耕地利用与管理等方面的合作,提升耕地利用转型各形态对本县域和邻近县域农业经济增长的促进作用。