Optimal Hedging and Valuation of Nontraded Assets

This paper examines a number of valuation problems faced by an expected-utility-maximizing investor who, over a given time horizon, is constrained to hold an asset which cannot be replicated by dynamic trading and which therefore does not have a unique no-arbitrage price. We first derive the private valuation which the investor assigns to the nontradedasset in order to determine his optimal investment in the traded assets. We thereby show that, as part of this portfolio, the investor hedges the private valuation process of the nontraded asset, rather than its market price process. We also study the price at which the investor would be willing to sell the nontraded asset if he were subsequently prohibited from trading in it, as well as the amount the investor would be willing to pay to removethe trading restriction. All three values are shown to depend in an intuitive manner on the investor's risk aversion, the residual risk of the nontraded asset unhedged by the traded assets, the difference between the constrained holding and optimal unconstrained holding of the asset and the length of the time horizon over which the asset cannot be traded.     

Optimal Hedging and Valuation of Nontraded Assets

This paper examines a number of valuation problems faced byan expected-utility maximizing investor who, over a given timehorizon, is constrained to hold an asset which cannot be replicatedby dynamic trading and which therefore does not have a uniqueno-arbitrage price. We first derive the private valuation whichthe investor assigns to the nontraded asset in order to determinehis optimal investment in the traded assets. We thereby showthat, as part of this portfolio, the investor hedges the privatevaluation process of the nontraded asset, rather than its marketprice process. We also study the price at which the investorwould be willing to sell the nontraded asset if he were subsequentlyprohibited from trading in it, as well as the amount the investorwould be willing to pay to remove the trading restriction. Allthree values are shown to depend in an intuitive manner on theinvestor’s risk aversion, the residual risk of the nontradedasset unhedged by the traded assets, the difference betweenthe constrained holding and optimal unconstrained holding ofthe asset and the length of the time horizon over which theasset cannot be traded. JEL Classification: G11     

现付成本与现销收入一步到位的确定

现付成本与现销收两个重要的现金流量指标，同时又是一些重要财务比率计算的依据，现付成本与现销收入常规的分析调整是采取“逐步式”的方法，一步到位的方法更准确，快速。     

从对冲套利看可转债资产替换

在缺乏卖空机制的环境下，可转债相对价值的实现将主要来源于转债与股票之间的资产替换。尤其是在杠杆放大的资产替代策略下，可转债投资的盈利模式将出现根本性变化，股票价格的波动成为影响策略应用效果的最重要因素。本从对冲套利的角度，通过对等额和杠杆放大资产替换策略的模拟与分析，就资产替换策略的应用环境、杠杆选择与实证效果等问题进行了较为详尽的研究。     

沪深300股指期货最优套期保值实证研究

我国股市近年波动剧烈,股票市场系统性风险可见一斑。为了可以使广大投资者在沪深300股指期货推出后能迅速正确地对其利用来规避系统性风险以及最大限度地实现套期保值．本文对沪深300股指期货套期保值进行了实证研究。在分析和比较常用的几种股指期货最优套期保值比率确定模型的基础上,基于方差最小化模型框架,利用沪深300股指期货合约模拟运行以来的样本数据,通过OLS法、VAR模型、ECM模型和GARCH模型四种估计方法,对其最优套期保值比率进行了实证测算和绩效比较．提出了相应的政策建议和投资策略。     

Nontraded asset valuation with portfolio constraints: a binomial approach

We provide a simple binomial framework to value American-stylederivatives subject to trading restrictions. The optimal investmentof liquid wealth is solved simultaneously with the early exercisedecision of the nontraded derivative. No-short-sales constraintson the underlying asset manifest themselves in the form of animplicit dividend yield in the risk-neutralized process forthe underlying asset. One consequence is that American calloptions may be optimally exercised prior to maturity even whenthe underlying asset pays no dividends. Applications to executivestock options (ESO) are presented: it is shown that the valueof an ESO could be substantially lower than that computed usingthe Black-Scholes model. We also analyze nontraded payoffs basedon a price that is imperfectly correlated with the price ofa traded asset.     

The Optimal Size of Hedge Funds: Conflict between Investors and Fund Managers

This study examines whether the standard compensation contract in the hedge fund industry aligns managers’ incentives with investors’ interests. I show empirically that managers’ compensation increases when fund assets grow, even when diseconomies of scale in fund performance exist. Thus, managers’ compensation is maximized at a much larger fund size than is optimal for fund performance. However, to avoid capital outflows, managers are also motivated to restrict fund growth to maintain style‐average performance. Similarly, fund management firms have incentives to collect more capital for all funds under management, including their flagship funds, even at the expense of fund performance.     

大额现金交易问题及其对策研究

当前现金管理中的一个突出问题是随着金融电子化快速发展,大额现金交易反而出现显著增长,这不仅导致社会成本支出的大量增加,而且给一些违法犯罪活动提供便利条件,因此迫切需要加强大额现金交易的监督和管理。本文从灰色经济学理论出发,通过实际调查客观分析大额现金交易问题的主要原因,在此基础上借鉴国际经验和国内银行经验,分析设计多种大额现金管理措施,并通过利用群决策方法对大额现金交易原因的重要性和大额现金管理措施的有效性进行比较评价,提出明确的政策取向和具体的政策建议,从而为进一步加强大额现金管理提供决策依据。     

生产型企业套期保值有效性及其绩效评价

本文就生产型企业的套期保值行为做了系统性的研究.首先,明确了生产型企业参与期货市场的目的在于套期保值.其次,针对现有的套期保值理论不适于解释说明生产型企业的套期保值实践这一现状,提出了生产型企业套期保值界定准则.再次,为了强化企业对套期保值风险的规避,提出了套期保值有效性界定准则.最后,从市场评价和内部评价两个维度,建立了套期保值绩效评价体系.     

On the High‐Frequency Dynamics of Hedge Fund Risk Exposures

We propose a new method to model hedge fund risk exposures using relatively high‐frequency conditioning variables. In a large sample of funds, we find substantial evidence that hedge fund risk exposures vary across and within months, and that capturing within‐month variation is more important for hedge funds than for mutual funds. We consider different within‐month functional forms, and uncover patterns such as day‐of‐the‐month variation in risk exposures. We also find that changes in portfolio allocations, rather than in the risk exposures of the underlying assets, are the main drivers of hedge funds' risk exposure variation.     

On the Distribution of Cash Flows Using Esscher Transforms

In their seminal paper, Gerber and Shiu (1994) introduced the concept of the Esscher transform for option pricing. As examples they considered the shifted Poisson process, the random walk, a shifted gamma process, and a shifted inverse Gaussian process to describe the logarithm of the stock price. In the present article it is shown how upper and lower bounds in convex order can be obtained when we use these types of models to describe the stochastic accumulation factors for a given cash flow.     

国际对冲基金活动与我国商业银行稳健经营研究

本文系统分析了近年来国际对冲基金迅速扩张的总体形势、对冲基金的主要风险源、国际对冲基金与商业银行的业务关系及风险形成机制，进而提出我国商业银行应对国际对冲基金活动所应采取的措施。     

The Secondary Market for Hedge Funds and the Closed Hedge Fund Premium

Rational theories of the closed‐end fund premium puzzle highlight fund share and asset illiquidity, managerial ability, and fees as important determinants of the premium. Several of these attributes are difficult to measure for mutual funds, and easier to measure for hedge funds. This paper employs new data from a secondary market for hedge funds, discovers a closed‐hedge fund premium that is highly correlated with the closed‐end mutual fund premium, and shows that the closed‐hedge fund premium is well explained by variables suggested by rational theories. Sentiment‐based explanations do not find support in the data.     

对冲政策的工具选择与特别国债发行

对冲政策是目前货币政策的核心问题。外汇储备增加速度不断加快,导致因基础货币投放增加过快而引起的潜在通货膨胀不断积累,中央银行因此采取的对冲政策和采用的对冲工具关系到中国经济稳定健康的发展。财政部发行的特别国债对流动性的影响是中性的,但无疑为中央银行提供了一个有效的对冲工具。     

影响区域现金投放的因素分析及对策研究

本文从影响货币需求的因素入手,以镇江市货币流通情况为例,对区域现金投放的情况进行了分析,并通过建立模型,对较显著的因素进行了实证分析。最后通过预设定的经济目标对后期现金投放数据进行预测,并提出相关政策建议。     

基于最佳库存资金持有量的国库现金管理研究

保持国库库存余额稳定,减少库存波动对货币政策的冲击是国库现金管理的一个重要课题.在最佳持有量测算模型中,Miller-Orr模型运用了概率函数思想,具有可实现区间预测、区间确定灵活,能适应财政收支随机波动的优点.本文以2011～ 2014年新疆省级国库现金流量为样本,借助此模型测算了国库现金最佳持有量及波动区间,并对2015年上半年进行模拟操作.测算和模拟结果表明,在预算收支未知的情况下,最佳持有量及其区间,基本上满足了在确保财政支出足额支付前提下,保持国库余额稳定、收益明显提高的要求,Miller-Orr模型的应用对地方国库现金管理开展具有积极推动作用.     

Price Elasticity of Demand and an Optimal Cash Discount Rate in Credit Policy

While the provision of a cash discount is equivalent to a reduction in price, the role of price elasticity of demand in determining credit terms has been neglected in the extant literature. In this paper, this role is investigated and it is shown that the optimal cash discount rate is affected by the price elasticity of demand for the firm's product. The comparative effects on the optimal cash discount rate with respect to exogenous changes in the fraction of credit sales paid after taking cash discount, the cost of short-term funds and the bad debt loss ratio are investigated. A trade-off between the time value gain and the price elasticity of demand is established. We find that firms which sell in locations having different price elasticities for their products, and/or which face various costs of short-term funds in different locations, should vary their cash discount terms accordingly.