河源市统筹城乡发展现状、问题与路径优化

统筹城乡发展是河源市“十四五”时期的核心工作，对促进河源市经济高质量发展有重要作用。文章从总体概况、城乡要素流动、城乡宜居、城乡治理、产城融合等方面分析了河源市统筹城乡发展现状，总结出河源市城乡统筹中存在的问题，提出了具体的优化路径。研究发现，河源市城乡发展取得了一定成绩，但距离城乡统筹的目标还有一定差距，存在城乡间要素流动不畅、城乡产业支撑不足、城乡基础设施建设滞后、城乡土地利用效率不高等问题，应从健全统筹城乡要素流动机制、提升城乡统筹发展能力、完善城乡基础设施建设以及加快土地利用转型等方面改进现有城乡统筹工作，促进河源市城乡统筹目标的实现。     

统筹城乡土地利用的初步研究

研究目的:从统筹城乡土地利用的视角,总结借鉴国内外相关理论和实践经验,针对中国当前城乡土地利用中存在的主要问题及造成这些问题的原因,在对今后城乡土地利用多种情景分析基础上,提出统筹城乡土地利用有关建议.研究方法:文献资料法和情景分析法.研究结论:中国正处于城镇化快速发展时期,城镇发展还要占用大量土地包括耕地,新农村建设也需要占用土地,这是客观趋势,城乡发展一定要充分考虑中国国情,树立科学发展观和正确的政绩观,制订城乡统一的规划和政策,统筹城乡土地利用,借鉴欧美精明增长、紧凑城市等理念,节约集约用地,切实保护耕地,建设节地型城镇和新农村,同时加快土地产权制度、征地制度等有关制度改革,积极推进社会主义新农村建设和促进城镇化健康发展.     

城乡一体化土地利用机制分析

土地是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,城乡土地一体化发展是促进城乡统筹发展,打破城乡二元土地结构格局,确保城乡发展用地以及形成城乡经济社会一体化新格局的关键。本文从土地价格、土地征用、土地产权、土地市场、土地规划和土地制度等方面论述了其对城乡土地一体化利用的影响与作用,为统筹城乡土地利用,促进城乡协调发展,推进土地节约集约利用提供理论指导。     

城乡统筹背景下黑龙江农村土地流转问题研究

城乡统筹是解决"三农"问题的有效途径.而我国现行的城乡二元土地制度对农村土地流转问题进行了严格的限制,已经严重阻碍了城乡统筹的实现.城乡居民收入差距、消费差距及城乡贸易差距等数据反映出黑龙江省城乡二元结构特征比较明显,而土地流转的现状也反映出城乡统筹对黑龙江农村土地流转的拉动作用并不明显.因此,在城乡统筹背景下黑龙江应该从加强宣传力度、规范化管理、培育农村土地流转市场和建立完善的社会保障体系四个方面进一步开展农村土地流转工作.     

统筹城乡发展背景下的土地利用管理研究

统筹城乡发展是农村全面建设小康社会,实现我国经济社会全面发展的重要思路,而建立合理、有效的土地利用管理体系对于发展农村经济、缩小城乡差距有着重要意义.我国现行的土地利用管理存在着理念偏差,体制建设缺失与不足、土地管理制度不完善等诸多弊端,应本着实事求是、因地制宜统筹城乡发展的要求,加快土地管理体制改革,加大土地执法监督力度,改革农村土地所有权制度及土地征收征用补偿制度.     

区域和城乡统筹发展视角下的土地整理新思路

本文从区域和城乡发展差距以及区域和城乡之间土地资源和经济发展不匹配、土地利用绩效与土地资源禀赋相反的实际出发,根据对土地供给、比较优势和要素配置问题的理论分析,在剖析当前耕地异地占补平衡、产业转移工业园和城乡建设用地增减挂钩实践的基础上,提出保护耕地和集约节约用地相结合、发挥地区优势和打破行政界线结合、宏观计划调控和市场化手段结合、土地资源配置和劳动力配置结合的基于区域和城乡统筹发展的土地整理新思路。     

统筹城乡视角下的土地整治创新机制研究

土地整治作为城乡统筹的重要平台和有力抓手,在保护耕地和保障发展、节约集约用地、缩小城乡差距等方面意义重大。当前,土地整治被赋予了新的内涵,其范围、内涵、目标、运作方式也在发生着深刻转变。在此背景下,本文对土地整治运行中存在的问题进行了梳理,并从政府、市场和农民三个方面,对土地整治的运行机制逐一进行分析,在此基础上,构建土地整治创新机制,即激励机制、约束机制和保障机制,确保土地整治工作的顺利实施,赋予土地整治新的活力。     

统筹区域土地利用探讨

统筹区域土地利用是在新形势下统筹城乡发展和区域发展提卅的新的、更高的要求.运用文献资料法,就统筹Ⅸ域土地利用的理论和方法进行了初步的探讨,并指出土地利用分区是统筹区域土地利用的主要实现途径,着重分析了分区的三种主要方法:叠图法、聚类分析法和指标法,指出三种主要分区类型:地域分区、功能分区和承载力分区,并从组织统筹和空间统筹两个方面给出统筹区域土地利用的建议.     

大城市边缘区统筹城乡土地利用战略探讨——以天津市东丽区为例

研究目的:系统诊断大城市边缘区快速工业化和城市化进程中的城乡土地利用问题,提出大城市边缘区土地利用战略框架。研究方法:系统分析法和案例分析法。研究结果:大城市边缘区经济社会发展迅速,土地利用形态变化急剧,土地利用中的矛盾十分突出,地域功能紊乱、土地配置失调、非农就业困难、土地利用粗放、生态环境破坏等问题制约了区域可持续发展。研究结论:应通过统筹区域土地利用、统筹城乡土地配置、农村土地制度创新、土地节约集约利用和土地资源生态开发战略及相关保障措施构建大城市边缘区土地利用战略体系,推动土地宏观调控更加系统地服务于经济社会发展目标。     

统筹城乡协调发展的土地利用模式研究

本文以科学发展观为指导,在浅析我国城乡土地利用中存在的问题的基础上,从三个角度探讨了统筹城乡协调发展的土地利用模式,包括统筹城乡土地规划、统筹城乡土地市场、统筹城乡基础设施建设等三个方面。最后作者针对存在的问题,给出了促进统筹城乡土地协调发展的建议,以期对我国统筹城乡土地协调发展有所帮助。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.