信用评级行业 规范发展的指南——评《信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级规范》的颁布

中国人民银行颁布《信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级规范》（以下简称《规范》），这是本年度继《信用评级管理指导意见》（以下简称“意见》）、“关于加强银行间债券信用评级管理的通知》（以下简称《通知》）。央行所颁布的第三个规范信用评级机构在银行间债券市场及信贷市场信用评级执业行为的文件。从《意见》、《通知》到《规范》，反映出央行对信用评级事业的高度重视，也充分说明央行对信用评级机构的监管力度不断加强，同时这种监管与扶持不仅是循序渐进的，更是讲求实效的。     

民族品牌与国际化：中国信用评级业的发展之路——访大公国际资信评估有限公司总裁关建中

2006年3月，中国人民银行发布了《信用评级管理指导意见》。近期，中国人民银行征信管理局作为中国信用评级行业主管部门的地位也正式被国务院确定。至此，中国评级业十几年没有行业主管的历史宣告结束，这将进一步推进我国信用评级业的发展。信用评级是社会信用体系建设的基础之一，它的发展对加快我国信用制度的建立与完善，推动我国市场经济健康发展有着重要作用。为此，本刊记者就中国信用评级业的发展问题，采访了大公国际资信评估有限公司总裁关建中。     

标准对促进我国征信业规范发展的重要作用

征信业标准是现代征信业发展的必然要求和有利保障：征信业作为一种信用信息服务行业，涉及对包括企业和个人在内的众多信息主体信用信息的收集、处理与使用等活动。在信息技术和网络科技高速发展的今天，征信业更加体现出信息化和高科技等特征，其发展必然需要制定相关标准，而征信业标准的制定也会进一步推动征信业的高效发展与规范运作。为此，结合我国征信业发展现状和迫切需要解决的现实问题，中国人民银行于2006年11月21日正式发布了我国首批征信业标准，包括《征信数据元·数据元设计与管理》、《征信数据元·个人征信数据元》、《信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级标准第1部分：信用评级主体规范》、《信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级标准第2部分：信用评级业务规范》、《信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级标准第3部分：信用评级业务管理规范》共5项，为我国征信业的进一步发展打下了坚实的制度基础，创造了有利的规范环境。[第一段]     

人行成都分行召开贯彻落实《信用评级管理指导意见》座谈会

2006年6月9日，人行成都分行在蓉召开了贯彻落实《中国人民银行信用评级管理指导意见》座谈会。人行成都分行征信管理部门有关负责人、分行机关有关处室负责人、分行营业管理部有关领导、四川银监局、四川省银行业协会、四川省部分金融机构代表、四川省6个信用评级试点城市人行中心支行负责人及13家在川信用评级机构负责人参加了会议。人行成都分行张远国副行长在讲话中充分肯定了四川借款企业信用评级试点工作所取得的成绩，指出了当前信用评级业发展中存在的问题，并全面分析了当前信用评级机构面临的形势和肩负的社会责任，并就贯彻落实《信用评级管理指导意见》提出了具体要求。     

要闻回放

中国人民银行4月4日颁布《信用评级管理指导意见》。《指导意见》要求信用评级机构在对依据国家有关法律、行政法规、政策，按照人民银行对信用评级要素、标识及含义的要求，在对债务人主体的财务状况、风险管理、经营能力、盈利能力等整体信用状况进行分析的基础上，对债务的违约可能性及清偿程度进行综合判断。     

法规与标准双管齐下监管评级市场——信用评级标准与相关法律法规的衔接

中国人民银行今日发布的金融行业标准（JR／T0030—2006）《信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级规范》（下简称（《标准》），分别从评级领域的信用评级主体、业务和管理三个方面作出了详细的规范。其中不仅仅有工作程序、效果、质量等内容的标准化规定；也有评级主体和管理主体在评级和监管过程中的义务、责任、权利的规定。这些规定在整个信用评级监管体系的作用如何，它对于信贷市场和银行间债券市场中资信评级机构和监管机构的行为将会产生的影响，它与现行的法律法规如何衔接，都是值得关注的问题。     

如何有效实施征信标准

日前，中国人民银行发布了征信数据元设计与管理、信贷市场和银行间债券市场信用评级规范等5项征信业标准。作为我国在征信业制定发布的首批行业标准，此次标准的推出将最大限度地促进信息跨部门跨行业共享，规范征信业务活动，有力推动征信行业的发展。[第一段]     

外部信用评级发展遇“暗礁”

近年来．外部信用评级呈加快发展之势．但信用评级产品难以被银行等市场需求者的认可和使用．特别是年初银监会发布《关于规范商业银行使用外部信用评级的通知》（银监发[2011]10号）后，发展遭遇“暗礁”．成长之初便面临“夭折”。     

中央银行实施信用评级监管的现实选择

信用评级是现代市场经济中社会信用体系建设的重要组成部分,在征信行业中发挥着举足轻重的作用.2006年4月,中国人民银行下发了《中国人民银行信用评级管理指导意见》,这是监管部门首次针对信用评级行业颁发管理规定,被业界称为在我国信用评级行业发展历程中具有里程碑意义的文件.具体地,中央银行如何在现实条件下实施对信用评级机构的监管是实践中需要研究和解决的课题.     

湖南省融资担保行业现状与发展研究

为全面贯彻落实中国人民银行发布的《中国人民银行信用评级管理指导意见》,人民银行长沙中心支行在湖南省14个地区范围内组织开展了对小额贷款公司、融资性担保公司的信用评级工作。本文根据湖南省已有评级报告的内容整理出相关数据图谱,对其全省范围内融资性担保行业的发展现状以及目前存在的突出问题进行深入、全面分析与总结,并在此基础进一步提出加大评级结果的运用、发挥评级报告的正向激励作用以促进融资担保行业健康发展的政策建议。     

Regulation of credit rating agencies

Financial regulators recognize certain credit rating agencies for regulatory purposes. However, it is often argued that credit rating agencies have an incentive to assign inflated ratings. This paper studies a repeated principal-agent problem in which a regulator approves credit rating agencies. Credit rating agencies may collude to assign inflated ratings. Yet we show that there exists an approval scheme which induces credit rating agencies to assign correct ratings.     

Quantitative easing and credit rating agencies

This paper investigates the behaviour of credit rating agencies (CRAs) using a natural experiment in monetary policy. We exploit the corporate QE of the Eurosystem and its rating-based specific design which generates exogenous variation in the probability for a bond of becoming eligible for outright purchases. We show that after the launch of the policy, rating activity was concentrated precisely on the territory where the incentives of market participants are expected to be more sensitive to the policy design. Our findings contribute to better assessing the consequences of the explicit reliance on CRAs ratings by central banks when designing monetary policy.     

Asymmetric benchmarking in bank credit rating

This study proposes an information asymmetry hypothesis to examine why bank credit ratings vary among countries even when bank financial ratios remain constant. Countries are divided among those with low and high information asymmetry. The former include high-income countries, those in North America and West Europe regions, and those with strong institutional environment quality, whereas the latter group possess the opposite characteristics. This study hypothesizes that the influences of financial ratios on ratings are enhanced in low information asymmetry countries but reduced in countries with high information asymmetry. The sample includes the long-term credit ratings issued by Standard and Poor's from 86 countries during 2002-2008. The estimated results show that the effects of financial ratios on ratings are significantly affected by information asymmetries. Countries wishing to improve the credit ratings of their banks thus should reduce information asymmetry.     

The impact of credit rating announcements on credit default swap spreads

We document the ability of the credit default swap (CDS) market to anticipate favorable as well as unfavorable credit rating change (RC) announcements based on more extensive samples of credit rating events and CDS spreads than previous studies. We obtain four new results. In contrast to prior published studies, we find that corporate RC upgrades do have a significant impact on CDS spreads even though they are still not as well anticipated as downgrades. Second, CreditWatch (CW) and Outlook (OL) announcements, after controlling for prior credit rating events, lead to significant CARs at the time positive CW and OL credit rating events are announced. Third, we extend prior results by showing that changes in CDS spreads for non-investment-grade credits contain information useful for estimating the probability of negative credit rating events. Fourth, we find that the CDS spread impact of upgrades but not downgrades is magnified during recessions and that upgrades and downgrades also differ as to the impact of simultaneous CW/OL announcements, investment-grade/speculative-grade crossovers, current credit rating, market volatility, and industry effects.     

美国资信评级行业监管及启示

美国信用评级业发展已有一百余年的历史,资信评级机构也一直引用声誉理论说明其在评级过程中会保持足够的执业谨慎,但安然破产、次贷危机、欧洲主权债务危机等事件使监管者认识到,仅靠“声誉”无法保证评级机构勤勉尽责,必须加强监管。该文对美国资信评级监管历史进行了简要回顾,分析了资信评级行业存在的主要问题,讨论了多德法案对资信评级行业的监管重点,介绍了多德法案之后资信评级行业监管的后续进展,并对完善我国资信评级监管提出相关建议。     

Parameterizing credit risk models with rating data

Estimates of average default probabilities for borrowers assigned to each of a financial institution's internal credit risk rating grades are crucial inputs to portfolio credit risk models. Such models are increasingly used in setting financial institution capital structure, in internal control and compensation systems, in asset-backed security design, and are being considered for use in setting regulatory capital requirements for banks. This paper empirically examines properties of the major methods currently used to estimate average default probabilities by grade. Evidence of potential problems of bias, instability, and gaming is presented. With care, and perhaps judicious application of multiple methods, satisfactory estimates may be possible. In passing, evidence is presented about other properties of internal and rating-agency ratings.     

地区信用评级方法研究

在商业银行信贷风险控制中,开展地区评级具有其必要性和重要性。文中提出了地区评级的概念和内涵,通过因子分析、层次分析和聚类分析方法确定了地区评级指标体系和各指标权重,构建了地区评级模型。     

Tax credit rating and corporate innovation decisions

The tax credit rating mechanism was formally implemented in 2014. As an important tax collection and management innovation, it has attracted the attention of regulatory authorities and scholars. Different from the literature that directly examines corporate tax compliance, we focus on the impact of tax credit rating implementation on corporate research and development (R&D) investment decisions. Using listed companies’ data from 2014 to 2019, we find that companies with higher tax credit ratings invest more in innovation, because the system helps managers identify R&D opportunities, alleviates corporate financing constraints and reduces agency costs. We confirm that tax credit ratings have manifold impacts on corporate information environments and business decisions, with better ratings positively affecting firms’ business decisions. This discovery can inform tax policy reform, encourage corporate innovation and construct social credit systems.     

Corporate financing and anticipated credit rating changes

Firm circumstances change but rating agencies may not make timely revisions to their ratings, thereby increasing information asymmetry between firms and the market. We examine whether firms time the securities market before a credit rating agency publicly reveals its decision to change a firm’s credit rating. Using quarterly data, we show that firms adjust their financing structures before credit rating downgrades are publicly revealed. Specifically, firms on average increase their debt financing by 1.29 % before the disclosure of a rating downgrade, and this increase is due to the issuance of debt rather than the repurchase of equity. In contrast, firms do not take significant financing actions before credit rating upgrades.     

国际信用评级体系改革与中国评级业发展展望

国际金融危机和欧洲主权债务危机的爆发,凸显出现行国际信用评级体系存在的种种弊端。该文指出,现行国际信用评级体系的根本缺陷在于高度垄断,为此应通过加强内部治理和外部监管推动现有评级行业的改革,并推动国际信用评级行业新秩序的建立。中国应从宏观政策层面出台措施,扶持和推动本国自主信用评级体系的做大做强,并参与到国际信用评级体系的重建中。