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1.
Business Ethics through philosophy includes threeelements: ethical thought, meaning meditation; ethicaldefinition, referring to philosophical readings;ethical values, in reference to case work in practicalethics. The purpose of this article is to show how businessethics can be conceived as an ethical vision,nourished and integrated around a philosophicalviewpoint.Three kinds of meditation are helpful in teachingbusiness ethics: nondiscursive meditation (part one),semidiscursive meditation (part two), and discursivemeditation (part three).The second and third elements of a philosophy ofbusiness, namely, readings and case work, areconnected with each form of meditation. There are fivephilosophical perspectives on business ethics: aFriedmanite ``The Business of Business is Business'Perspective, an (Industrial) Democracy Perspective, an(Eco) Systems Perspective, a Virtues Perspective, anda Western Christian Theological Perspective. Thereadings on the Friedmanite and Democracy perspectivesare connected to nondiscursive meditation. Readings onecosystems are illustrated in connection withsemidiscursive meditation. The Virtues and WesternChristian Theological perspectives are taken up inconnection with discursive meditation. The practicalcases are introduced with each philosophicalperspective. 相似文献
2.
Paul G. La Forge 《Journal of Business Ethics》1997,16(12-13):1283-1295
3.
Moral Motivation Across Ethical Theories: What Can We Learn for Designing Corporate Ethics Programs? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this article we discuss what are the implications for improving the design of corporate ethics programs, if we focus on the moral motivation accounts offered by main ethical theories. Virtue ethics, deontological ethics and utilitarianism offer different criteria of judgment to face moral dilemmas: Aristotle’s virtues of character, Kant’s categorical imperative, and Mill’s greatest happiness principle are, respectively, their criteria to answer the question “What is the right thing to do?” We look at ethical theories from a different perspective: the question we ask is “Why should I do the right thing?” In other words, we deal with the problem of moral motivation, and we examine the different rationale the main ethical theories provide. We then point out the relation between moral motivation and the concept of rationality in the different approaches – is acting morally seen as an expression of rational behavior? Our analysis of moral motivation provides a useful framework to improve the understanding of the relationships between formal and informal elements of corporate ethics programs, emphasizing the importance of the latter, often overlooked in compliance-focused programs. We conclude by suggesting that the concept of moral imagination can provide a unifying approach to enhance the effectiveness of corporate ethics programs, by providing an intangible asset that supports the implementation of their formal components into management decision making. 相似文献
4.
Lars Jacob Tynes Pedersen 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》2009,18(4):335-348
This paper explores moral sensitivity in a learning perspective, and a framework is developed for the understanding of how moral sensitivity can be developed through reiterative problem solving in the face of diverse ethical problems. Factors that may inhibit the individual's ability to conceive of moral issues are discussed, and perspectives from moral psychology are integrated with theory on problem formulation. It is argued that (1) the individual's moral sensitivity is pivotal for ethical problem solving, because problem formulation is paramount for further reflection and behaviour; (2) ethical behaviour must be understood both (a) in terms of the individual's psychological make-up that determines psychological response to moral features and (b) in terms of external constraints on the individual's moral sensitivity; and (3) the development of moral sensitivity can be promoted by actively and consciously pursuing disciplined imagination in multi-perspective formulations of problems. 相似文献
5.
6.
The importance of personal connections and relationships, or guanxi when doing business with the Chinese is widely acknowledged amongst Western academics and business managers alike. However,
aspects of guanxi-related behaviours in the workplace are often misunderstood by Westerners with some going so far as to equate guanxi with forms of corruption. This study extends earlier study of Tan and Snell: 2002, Journal of Business Ethics
41(December), 361–384) in its investigation of the underlying modes of moral reasoning in ethical decisions relating to aspects
of guanxi, amongst Hong Kong managers. Managers’ ethical judgements and underlying moral reasoning relating to a series of guanxi-related behaviours were recorded. Content analysis yielded categories that correspond with categories of moral reasoning
described in Kohlberg’s (1969, Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, Rand McNally, Chicago, pp. 347–480) model. As hypothesised, it was found that harsher ethical evaluations of guanxi-related behaviours were positively correlated with the stage of moral reasoning. The most common types of reasoning were
those corresponding to Kohlberg’s stages four and five which relate to moral reasoning based on law and order, and on reason
rather than emotion. Stage 6, concerned with more universalistic approaches to moral reasoning, was utilised considerably
less, consistent with popularly held beliefs of the relativistic nature of Chinese ethics. 相似文献
7.
Alessandro M. Peluso 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》2015,24(3):252-263
The present article conceptualizes morally controversial innovations as a category of innovations that raise ethical issues due to their potentially undesirable long‐term consequences on society or the natural environment. Then, it analyzes the case of biofuel crops by applying an extended version of the theory of planned behavior, which includes moral norm (i.e. the personal convictions of what is wrong or right for society) and ethical self‐identity (i.e. the extent to which one perceives himself/herself as an ethical person). The obtained results show that attitude and subjective norms are positively related to farmers' intention to grow biofuel crops. Yet the intention of those farmers with a higher ethical self‐identity is also influenced by perceived behavioral control and moral norm. In particular, moral norm negatively affects their intention to grow biofuel crops, thus restraining the adoption of this innovation. Implications for theory, as well as for policymakers interested in promoting the diffusion of morally controversial innovations, are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Patricia H. Werhane Laura P. Hartman Dennis Moberg Elaine Englehardt Michael Pritchard Bidhan Parmar 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,100(1):103-118
There are important synergies for the next generation of ethical leaders based on the alignment of modified or adjusted mental models. This entails a synergistic application of moral imagination through collaborative input and critique, rather than “me too” obedience. In this article, we will analyze the Milgram results using frameworks relating to mental models (Werhane et al., Profitable partnerships for poverty alleviation, 2009), as well as work by Moberg on “ethics blind spots” (Organizational Studies 27(3):413–428, 2006), and by Bazerman and Chugh on “bounded awareness” (Harvard Business Review, 2006; Mind &; Society 6:1–18, 2007) Using these constructs to examine the Milgram experiment, we will argue that the ways in which the experiments are framed, the presence of an authority figure, the appeal to the authority of science, and the situation in which the naïve participant finds herself or himself, all create a bounded awareness, a narrow blind spot that encourages a climate for obedience, brackets out the opportunity to ask the moral question: “Am I hurting another fellow human being?” and may preclude the subject from utilizing moral imagination to opt out of the experiment. We will conclude that these forms of almost blind obedience to authority are correctable, but with difficulty. We will argue that linking the modification of mental models to an unbinding of awareness represents an important synergistic relationship and one that can build effectively on the lessons learned from our experience with moral imagination. 相似文献
9.
Arriving at a moral judgment is not a straightforward or linear process in which ethical theories are simply applied to cases.
Instead it is a process in which the formulation of the moral problem, the formulation of possible “solutions”, and the ethical
judging of these solutions go hand in hand. This messy character of moral problems, however, does not rule out a systematic
approach. In this article, we describe a systematic approach to problem solving that does justice to the complex nature of
moral problems and ethical judgment: the ethical cycle. Our goal is to provide a structured and disciplined method of addressing
moral problems, which helps to guide a sound analysis of these problems. We will illustrate the usefulness of this cycle with
an example. Further, we will discuss two general issues in applied ethics in relation to the proposed ethical cycle: the role
of ethical theories and the place of individual judgment versus collective deliberation.
Ibo van de Poel (1966) is Assistant Professor of Ethics and Technology at Delft University of Technology. He has done research
on the dynamics of technological development, codes of conduct and professional ethics of engineers, the moral acceptability
of technological risks, ethics in engineering design, and ethics and responsibiltiy in R&D networks. He has published in,
among others, Science, Technology & Humans Values, Research Policy and Science and Engineering Ethics. For more information, see http://www.tbm.tudelft.nl/webstaf/ibop/.
Lambèr Royakkers (1967) is Associate Professor of Ethics and Technology at Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
He studied Philosophy and Social Sciences, Technical Mathematics, and Law. He received his PhD at the Tilburg University in
1996. His dissertation was on the formalisation of normative rules with deontic logic. It has been revised rather thoroughly
for the serie Law and Philosophy published by Kluwer Academic in 1998. His research interests include ethics and technology,
(collective) responsibility, and logic. 相似文献
10.
Esther Roca 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,96(1):135-147
This study introduces the concept of moral imagination in a work context to provide an ethical approach to the controversial
relationships between dirty work and dirty workers. Moral imagination is assessed as an essential faculty to overcome the
stigma associated with dirty work and facilitate the daily work lives of workers. The exercise of moral imagination helps
dirty workers to face the moral conflicts inherent in their tasks and to build a personal stance toward their occupation.
Finally, we argue that organizations with dirty work groups should actively adopt measures to encourage their employees’ exercise
of moral imagination. This study investigates how organizations might create conditions that inspire moral imagination, particularly
with regard to the importance of organizational culture as a means to enhance workers’ moral sensitivity. Furthermore, this
investigation analyzes different company practices that may derive from a culture committed to moral imagination. 相似文献
11.
This article is an attempt to understand ethical theory not just as a set of well-developed philosophical perspectives but
as a range of moral capacities that human beings more or less grow into over the course of their lives. To this end, we explore
the connection between formal ethical theories and stage developmental psychologies, showing how individuals mature morally,
regarding their duties, responsibilities, ideals, goals, values, and interests. The primary method is to extract from the
writings of Kohlberg and his students the cues that help to flesh out a developmental picture of a wide range of ethical perspectives.
Thus, developmental psychology benefits from gaining a broader understanding of “morality” and “ethics,” and ethical theory
benefits from a richer understanding of how moral maturity arises from youthful beginnings in juvenile and adolescent thinking.
Results of this study offer insight into the difficulty of teaching ethics and a refined ability to assess moral maturity
in business activity.
F. Neil Brady is the Jack R. Wheatley Professor of Management Ethics in the Romney Institute of Public Management and a member
of the Ethics Group at the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. He has published over thirty articles
on ethics in a variety of journals including the Academy of Management Review, Administration & Society, and the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. He has authored Ethical Managing (Macmillan 1990) and edited Ethical Universals in International Business (Springer Verlag 1996). For twenty years, his research has focused on the application of ethical theory to managerial decisions.
David W. Hart is assistant professor of public management in the Romney Institute of Public Management and a member of the
Ethics Group at the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. He received his PhD from the State University
of New York at Albany. His current research focuses on administrative ethics, business-government interaction, and the external
environment of organizations. He has published in a variety of journals and is the co-author of a book. Wall Street Polices Itself: How Securities Firms Manage the Legal Hazards of Competitive Pressures (Oxford University Press, 1998). 相似文献
12.
Given the prevalence of corporate frauds and the significance of whistle blowing as a mechanism to report about the frauds,
the present study explores the impact of ethical leadership and leader–member exchange (LMX) on whistle blowing. Additionally,
the article also explores the moderating role of the moral intensity [studied as magnitude of consequences (MOC)] of the issue
on this relationship. The article reports results of three experimental studies conducted on the postgraduate students of
a premier technology institute in India. Ethical leadership, LMX, and moral intensity are manipulated through scenarios. Study
one (n = 81) manipulates ethical leadership (ethical/unethical) and quality of LMX (low and high) as independent variables; study
two (n = 80) manipulates ethical leadership and moral intensity (high and low MOC), and study three (n = 87) manipulates LMX and MOCs to assess their individual and joint effects on whistle blowing. Results show that not only
do ethical leadership and LMX predict whistle blowing, but these relationships get moderated by the moral intensity of the
issue as well. 相似文献
13.
Ethics in business has been an increasingly controversial and important topic of discussion over the last decade. Debate continues about whether ethics should be a part of business, but also includes how business can implement ethical theory in day-to-day operations. Most discussions focus on either traditional moral philosophy, which offers little of practical value for the business community, or psychological theories of moral reasoning, which have been shown to be flawed and incomplete. The theory presented here is called the Developmental Self-Valuing Theory, and adapts the general psychological theory of Albert Bandura for ethics in business. In this theory, individuals first learn moral values from associations with others who are significant in their lives. Secondly, self-regulation is learned through a process of self-observation, self-judgment and self-reaction. Thirdly, the individual must believe that he can act ethically. Situational constraints and inducements, as well as positive and negative consequences for specific behaviors, will also affect the level of ethical performance. Each of these elements is examined and combined to achieve a practical method for increasing the level of ethics in corporate activity through selection, training and situational enhancement.
Larry Jensen is Professor of Psychology at Brigham Young University. He has published in the areas of moral reasoning, education, and behavior.
Steve Wygant is a doctoral candidate in the area of Social Psychology with primary interests in the philosophy of science and personality research. 相似文献
14.
Moses L. Pava 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,85(3):391-401
This article explores and examines some of the findings from the burgeoning field of evolutionary psychology. How important
are these results to our understanding of morality and ethics? In addition, more specifically, how important are theses results
to our understanding of business ethics? I believe that the jury is still out on these questions. This article: (1) summarizes
some of the strengths of evolutionary psychology (of which there are several); (2) identifies specific findings and suggests
that many of these findings are overstated and exaggerated; and (3) points out several methodological limitations and weaknesses.
The article does not, in the end, recommend jettisoning evolutionary psychology. To the contrary, its point is that evolutionary
psychology is a potentially useful method among many others to help us to better understand our “moral universe.” However,
evolutionary psychology will never allow us to pierce through “the illusions that evolution and culture have saddled us with”
as the psychologist Steven Pinker over-promises. This is true for the simple reason that science itself is both a product of evolution and a cultural practice. The aspiration of some evolutionary psychologists to transcend evolution
(nature) and culture (nurture) through science is itself a dangerous illusion. Nevertheless, evolutionary psychology’s modest
findings to date are a welcome contribution to anyone interested in making better and wiser ethical decisions, business or
otherwise. The more knowledge we gain about our own brains and how they functions the better. These findings, however, should
be subject to the same systematic scrutiny and healthy skepticism one would apply to any moral or ethical claim regardless
of its origins. That is the purpose of this article. 相似文献
15.
Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Construct a Measure of the Magnitude of Consequences Component of Moral Intensity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this work is to elaborate an empirically grounded mathematical model of the magnitude of consequences component
of “moral intensity” (Jones, Academy of Management Review
16(2),366, 1991) that can be used to evaluate different ethical situations. The model is built using the analytical hierarchy
process (AHP) (Saaty, The Analytic Hierarchy Process, 1980) and empirical data from the legal profession. One contribution of our work is that it illustrates how AHP can be applied
in the field of ethics. Following a review of the literature, we discuss the development of the model. We then illustrate
how the model can be used to rank-order three well-known ethical reasoning cases in terms of the magnitude of consequences.
The work concludes with implications for theory, practice, and future research. Specifically we discuss how this work extends
the previous work by Collins (Journal of Business Ethics
8, 1, 1989) regarding the nature of harm variable. We also discuss the contribution this work makes in the development of ethical
scenarios used to test hypotheses in the field of business ethics. Finally, we discuss how the model can be used for after-action
review, contribute to organizational learning, train employees in ethical reasoning, and aid in the design and development
of decision support systems that support ethical reasoning. 相似文献
16.
Anusorn Singhapakdi Somboom Salyachivin Busaya Virakul Vinich Veerayangkur 《Journal of Business Ethics》2000,27(3):271-284
This study analyzes the marketing ethics decision-making process of Thai managers. In particular, it examines the relative influences of ethical perceptions, religiosity, personal moral philosophies, and corporate ethical values on ethical intentions of managers in Thailand. Managers enrolled in executive MBA or special MBA programs from public and private universities throughout Thailand were selected as target respondents. The survey results generally indicate that both dimensions of moral philosophies, idealism and relativism, are significant predictors of a Thai manager's ethical intention, as hypothesized. The results also reveal that perceived ethical problem is a positive factor of a Thai manager's ethical intention. The results generally support our hypothesis regarding the influence of corporate ethical values, that Thai managers in organizations with higher levels of ethical values tend to have a more ethical intention than the managers in organizations with lower levels of ethical values. The survey results regarding the influences of religiosity, however, are mixed. 相似文献
17.
Kleio Akrivou Dimitrios Bourantas Shenjiang Mo Evi Papalois 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(1):119-133
Building on research and measures on solitude, ethical leadership theories, and decision making literatures, we propose a
conceptual model to better understand processes enabling ethical leadership neglected in the literature. The role of solitude
as antecedent is explored in this model, whereby its selective utilization focuses inner directionality toward growing authentic
executive awareness as a moral person and a moral manager and allows an integration between inner and outer directionality
toward ethical leadership and resulting decision-making processes that will have an impact on others’ perceptions of leader
authentic ethical leadership. Thus it is proposed that utilization of solitude positively predicts executive-level authentic ethical leadership action and in turn, ethical decision making perceived fairness and integrity. We also propose two moderators, strengthening the hypothesized (positive) association between solitude
and ethical leadership; these are the executive’s ability for moral reasoning and a motivation for socialized (as opposed
to personalized) power. 相似文献
18.
Moral imagination is a process that involves a thorough consideration of the ethical elements of a decision. We sought to
explore what might distinguish moral imagination from other ethical approaches within a complex business simulation. Using
a three-component model of moral imagination, we sought to discover whether organization cultures with a salient ethics theme
activate moral imagination. Finding an effect, we sought an answer to whether some individuals were more prone to being influenced
in this way by ethical cultures. We found that employees with strong moral identities are less influenced by such cultures
than employees whose sense of self is not defined in moral terms.
David F. Caldwell is the Stephen and Patrica Schott Professor of Business in the Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara
University.
Dennis Moberg is the Wilkinson Professor of Management and Ethics in the Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University. 相似文献
19.
Dennis B. Hwang Patricia L. Golemon Yan Chen Teng-Shih Wang Wen-Shai Hung 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,89(2):235-250
Guanxi, or social networks common in Confucian cultures, has long been recognized as one of the major factors for success when doing
business in China. However, insider networks in business are certainly not confined to Asian cultures, nor is the attendant
possibility for corruption. This study obtained original data to investigate current Taiwanese perceptions of (1) how guanxi is established and cultivated; (2) how guanxi actually is practiced now and people’s acceptance of it; and (3) the effects of guanxi on business operations, employment/promotion, and social justice and fairness. The researchers also hope to (4) verify some
arguments made by pioneering researchers. The authors speculate on how these attitudes may affect behavior in business transactions
in hopes of making readers more aware of differing cultural values that may create unexpected ethical dilemmas. They suggest
that professional ethical codes should provide guidance on the practice of guanxi in a Confucian society and that special emphasis or training in interpreting those codes may be required. 相似文献
20.
Maria Joutsenvirta 《Journal of Business Ethics》2013,116(3):459-477
How is the (il)legitimacy of manager compensation constructed in social interaction? This study investigated discursive processes through which heavily contested executive pay schemes of the Finnish energy giant Fortum were constructed as (il)legitimate in public during 2005–2009. The critical discursive analysis of media texts identified five legitimation strategies through which politicians, journalists, and other social actors contested these schemes and, at the same time, constructed subject positions for managers, politicians, and citizens. The comparison of two debate periods surrounding the 2007–2008 financial crisis revealed significant differences in the discursive strategies and the corresponding moral struggles linked to legitimation of executive compensation. The analysis highlights a change in moral reasoning by social actors as they adapt their justifications to a changing social context. This study has important implications for our understanding of the ethical aspects and socio-political embeddedness of manager compensation. In particular, it adds to our knowledge of organizational legitimacy by showing how discursive strategies and the corresponding morality constructions used to (de)legitimate business activities can shift quickly as a result of a change in the social and political climate surrounding the legitimation struggle. 相似文献