中国铁路运输供需缺口及相关产业组织政策分析

铁路运输的供需受经济发展水平、工业化进程、人均收入等诸多因素的影响。中国目前受各种因素影响，铁路运输供需缺口较大。根据实证分析测算，中国目前铁路货运供需缺口率为35．74％，客运供需缺口率为43．09％。导致铁路运输供需缺口长期存在的原因主要是铁路运输企业目标错位，定价机制失效，投资机制扭曲，行业进入壁垒较高等。从根本上解决铁路运输供需缺口问题需要大力推进制度建设和体制改革，包括实施“网运分离”，理顺价格机制；实行激励性规制，消除行政垄断；完善投资体制，促进行业内与行业间的有效竞争等。     

Spinoffs versus buyouts: Profitability of alternate routes for commercializing innovations

This research compares the performance of spinoffs and buyouts divested to commercialize innovations. The authors study 145 spinoffs and 121 buyouts that occurred in the United States between 1996 and 2005. Analysis provides three critical findings. First, spinoffs have higher profits in the two years after divestiture; afterwards, buyouts have higher profits. Second, strategic emphasis (investment in R&D versus marketing) is the mechanism that explains the diverging profitability of spinoffs and buyouts over time. Third, this occurs through two routes: a one‐step mediated effect via strategic emphasis; a two‐step mediated effect via strategic emphasis and radicalness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国铁路客运高峰负荷定价模型分析

中国铁路客运供需矛盾非常突出，铁路客运具有的双高峰、高峰固定等特点，进一步加剧了供需矛盾；现行定价体系导致需求相对过旺，供给能力难以迅速增长；必须在考虑需求弹性和交叉弹性的基础上．针对中国铁路特性科学制定客运价格。本文利用相关数据对定价原则所涉及到的变量进行了实证测算，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

基于中朝跨境经济合作区的财政政策研究

以中朝两国政府出台的振兴规划为切入点,立足于两国政府的地区发展战略,通过对中朝两国的经济发展现状比较．分析建立两国跨境经济合作区的可行性与障碍性;立足于两地的比较优势,总结了两国开展跨境经济合作的优先领域与有利因素：基于我国财政政策理论探讨中朝两国政府跨境经济合作区的模式、实施途径以及推动机制。     

中国生产性服务业发展的战略选择——基于产业互动的研究视角

在现代分工条件下，服务业与制造业的关系日趋紧密并互相促进。本文使用经济分析方法对生产性服务业与制造业互动关系的内在机理进行了深入的研究。之后，以国际经验的归纳和比较为基础，全面解析了我国生产性服务业发展所面临的瓶颈。最后，从消除进入壁垒、强化分工优势、促进产业关联、推动服务业创新、优化产业布局和加强区域协调等方面．提出了我国生产性服务业发展的战略途径及对策建议。     

The Demand for International Message Telephone Services: A Two-Stage Budgeting Model

This paper examines demand for international telephone services. Using panel data covering 57 routes over 6 years, a model featuring a two-stage budgeting process and product differentiation is implemented for empirical estimation. A range of economic, social, cultural and technological variables are included in the aggregate-level model to study overall demand. The unique and rich data offers an opportunity to examine the impact of new technology innovations such as Internet on traditional telephone services. The company-level model incorporates product differentiation and uses the Almost Ideal Demand System to simultaneously estimate demands for and competition between carriers.     

红霉素肟的合成研究

红霉素A9-肟是第2代新型红霉素的共同中间体。以硫氰酸红霉素为起始原料在酸-碱缓冲溶液中合成红霉素A9-肟,对其合成工艺进行了综述,对合成工艺进行了较详细的研究,开发出了一条全新的合成红霉素肟的工艺路线,使产品转化率高于90%。优化了红霉素肟合成中溶剂配比、盐酸羟胺配比、肟化反应pH值、肟化反应温度等反应条件,做了相应的稳定性实验。改进后的合成路线适合工业化生产。     

An integrated multi-depot hub-location vehicle routing model for network planning of parcel service

The paper describes why optimal design of depot and hub transportation networks for parcel service providers makes it necessary to develop a generalized hub location and vehicle routing model (VRM). Analogous problems occur for postal, parcel and piece goods service providers. A generalized hub location and VRM is developed which encompasses the determination of the number, locations of hubs and depots and their assigned service areas as well as the routes between the demand points and consolidation points (depots, hubs). Because this task leads to a very complex transport design problem, a heuristic solution concept has to be developed. The applicability to a case study is demonstrated; the case of completely new system configuration for Austria is considered. Management must simultaneously decide the number, location, service areas and routes from demand points to depots and vice versa (the pickup and delivery structure) as well as the number and locations of hubs and the routes of depot–hub and hub–hub transports (the hub location or line haul structure), The developed management support decision model leads for real cases to a tremendous number of some million binary variables as well as continuous variables and million of constraints.     

A binary conflict ascending price (BICAP) mechanism for the decentralized allocation of the right to use railroad tracks

The questions posed for study are motivated by controversies over how Sweden might change from a centralized system of railroad management to a decentralized system. The central rail administration, Banverket, will retain ownership and maintenance responsibility of the tracks, but will sell access to the tracks to private firms. The questions are about the mechanism that might accomplish this task. Parties to the controversy have claimed that the technical aspects of networks will, as a matter of principle, preclude the operation of any decentralized method. This paper explores the properties of a mechanism developed as a challenge to that claim. The mechanism is examined in the context of a testbed experimental environment that contains many potential problem causing elements. In the tests performed the mechanism operated to efficiently allocate access to the network and it did so for behavioral reasons that are understandable in terms of theory. The paper closes with suggestions for further study of environments that might present additional challenges to a mechanism.     

The strategic and cultural legitimacy of HR professionalization in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, human resources (HR) practice has reached a point of professionalization not yet apparent in other parts of China creating opportunities for best practice diffusion across rapidly developing cities, provinces, and regions. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the strategic and cultural legitimacy of human resource management (HRM) in Hong Kong from the perspective of the occupation’s status as an emerging profession. Combining established theory on professions with documented insights from normative associational ideals, this paper derives four major sources of HR professionalization, which it entitles strategy, communication, administration, and discipline. Assuming that tasks performed by the most senior, qualified and experienced practitioners hold greatest empirical sway over the prospect of occupational association, this study finds that a combination of strategic and communication practices emerge as the two most likely routes to HR professionalization. Based on survey responses from a representative sample of 172 certified practitioners, the findings support the notion of HR as a strategic asset, raising important implications for the professional status of the occupation within an Asian management context.     

逐步剥离:我国铁路重组合理组织边界的初步探讨

引入竞争、提高效率是我国铁路重组改革的重要目标指向，因此组织边界的确定以及与之相配套的竞争激励措施已成为重组模式选择的关键议题。本文以自然垄断和交易成本理论为指导，以竞争激励促进企业运行效率为依据，通过对世界各国多种重组模式的垄断与竞争格局进行比较分析，提出了用逐步剥离的方式逼近我国铁路重组合理组织边界的改革思路。     

SME routes for innovation collaboration with larger enterprises

The research in this paper reveals how Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) can contribute to industry competiveness through collaboration with larger enterprises. The research is based on a longitudinal qualitative case study starting in 2011 with 10 SME offshore wind farm suppliers and follow-up interviews in 2013. The research continued with a second approach in 2014 within operation and maintenance (O&M) through focus group interviews and subsequent individual interviews with 20 enterprises and a seminar in May 2015.The findings reveal opportunities and challenges for SMEs according to three different routes for cooperation and collaboration with larger enterprises: demand-driven cooperation, supplier-driven cooperation and partner-driven collaboration. The SME contribution to innovation and competiveness is different within the three routes and ranges from providing specific knowledge, providing a ‘one-stop’ SME-supplier-unity and long term innovation collaboration on equal terms for competiveness, respectively. The findings reveal that it is beneficial, but difficult, for SMEs to move from the arm's length approach given by the tender legislation towards the other outlined routes.A contribution is hereby made to the insight and understanding of how SMEs can contribute to competiveness. This understanding allows SMEs, larger enterprises, academia and policy bodies to take enhanced informed actions.     

抗艾滋病药物阿巴卡韦的合成

针对阿巴卡韦(abacavir)作为抗艾滋病新药效果明显、需求量大,在查阅大量国外文献的基础上,对abacavir的作用、合成路线、市场前景等作了综述,并对其关键碳环中间体的合成路线进行了归纳。     

我国铁路运煤专线运营状况分析——以大秦线和神朔线为例

通过分析大秦线和神朔线两条铁路运煤专线的基础条件和运营状况,指出影响铁路运煤专线运营效率的主要因素包括线路自然条件、技术条件、运营组织、运营机制和管理水平,据此提出提高铁路运煤专线运营效率的相关政策建议。     

中国铁路运输企业运营模式研究

本文在对运营模式相关文献的回顾与论述的基础上，对中国铁路运输企业运营模式的构成和演变进行了系统的分析，同时结合西方发达国家铁路运输企业运营模式的演变，概括了铁路运输企业运营模式演变的一般规律，并就中国铁路运输企业运营模式的再设计提出了建议。     

The role of multiple ties in knowledge networks: Complementarity in the Montefalco wine cluster

After decades of studies about pervasive, wide, and inclusive knowledge externalities and the advantages of being there, recent literature on management, industrial marketing, economic geography, regional studies, and related fields has stressed that knowledge spreads imperfectly, unevenly, and selectively within regional and cluster contexts. In this respect, little is known about the role played by heterogeneous knowledge ties among the same set of actors and to what extent they follow overlapping or different routes of exchanging knowledge. Thus, an investigation of multiple knowledge networks in clusters is a fundamental approach to interpret the reasons for innovation and economic performance.With an original dataset comprised of data collected by surveys directly administered in local wineries in the Montefalco wine region of Italy, this paper aims to analyse the roles played by different local knowledge ties within a sector that is critically driven by the exchange of knowledge among economic actors. Social network analysis and exponential random graph modelling were applied to investigate the driving forces of the knowledge flows. The empirical results showed that economic and social ties positively affect the spread of knowledge, but the former has a higher magnitude impact than the latter. Moreover, they follow complementary routes of exchange rather than overlapping ones. We suggest that such a structure has implications for understanding the diffusion of knowledge and structures of innovation in cluster contexts.     

国际外包陷阱产生机理及其跨越研究

本文以全球价值链分工体系下发展中国家承接国际外包实践为背景,从承包企业所面临的风险角度审视国际外包,认为承包活动将伴随着陷阱,并提出了分析国际外包陷阱的一个初步理论框架。国际外包陷阱描述了承包企业陷入长期低水平接包而难以自拔的一种状态,其在理论溯源、概念假设、形成机制及产生效应等方面区别于比较优势陷阱。承包企业对发包企业技术上的严重依赖和对低劳动力素质的过度依赖是前者极易落入国际外包陷阱的主要原因,落入国际外包陷阱的后果则是从长期看承包企业人力资本积累缓慢、缺乏技术创新能力积累导致与发包企业间技术差距和边际生产率差距同时不断扩大。基于以上理论框架,本文构建了国际外包陷阱产生机理的数理模型,阐明了承包企业内部技术积累及外部需求推动两大跨越国际外包陷阱的途径,归纳了国际外包陷阱跨越的"单脚"、"双脚"及"跳跃型"三种模式,并对承包企业发展战略和发展中国家相关产业政策制定提出了建议。     

Negative Externalities of Rail Noise and Housing Values: Evidence from the Cessation of Railway Operations in Singapore

The governments of Malaysia and Singapore reached a landmark agreement in May 2010 to end the operations of nearly 80‐year‐old railway lines and stations in Singapore. In our study, the cessation of the railway services operated by Keretapi Tanah Malaya (KTM), a firm owned by the Malaysian government, with effect from July 1, 2011 is used in a quasi‐experiment design to test the effects of the removal of train noise externalities on real estate values. Based on the nonlanded private housing transactions data from January 2005 to June 2013, we find that average prices for houses located within a 400‐m boundary from the railway lines increased by 3.5% relative to prices for houses located outside the 400‐m boundary after the cessation agreement has been announced. The removal of train noise externalities increases housing prices in the affected area by 13.7% on average in the postcessation period of the KTM railway services. Realized economic benefits associated with the railway services cessation were estimated at S$0.36 billion based on houses sold in the post cessation period of the KTM railway services.     

城市轨道交通项目全寿命周期价值工程的应用研究

从价值工程在建设项目中的应用状况出发，通过对全寿命周期价值目标的定位，阐述了城市轨道交通项目全寿命周期价值工程的实施方法，系统提出了城市轨道交通项目全寿命周期价值工程的对象选择、功能分析、功能评价、方案创新与优选的思路，强调工程项目以较低的全寿命费用实现最终功能，创造最大的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

Market share and price determination in the contemporary airline industry

This paper examines airline pricing and market structure determination for domestic airport-pair routes. The model includes variables to control for the effects of congestion, consumer brand preferences, barriers to entry into airports, and multiple airport availability within a city. The results indicate the noncontestability of airline markets, but certain factors can mitigate a carrier's endpoint dominance. Additionally, the need for policies addressing airport congestion is indicated by several aspects of model results.