Outside Blockholders' Monitoring of Management and Debt Financing: An Alternative Perspective

Liao ( 2015 ) argues that the monitoring by large outside shareholders (blockholders) exacerbates the conflict between debt and equity and in turn affects the choice and structure of debt financing. The study contends that private debt is more immune to the increase in debt‐equity conflict. Consistent with this argument, companies with outside blockholders are inclined to issue private debt over public debt. Further, private debt exhibits less price protection but relies on more protective covenants than does public debt. The findings are interesting and intuitive. I evaluate the economic arguments in the paper and discuss some of the challenges that the study faces. My conclusion is that the interpretation of the results is more complex than the one the study presents. I offer a broader framework that can be used to shed light on why the governance structure combines equity blockholders and private debt issuance. I also discuss several questions to be addressed by future research.     

Conditional Conservatism and Debt versus Equity Financing

Extant research suggests that conditional conservatism reduces information asymmetry between a firm and its shareholders as well as its debtholders. However, there is little evidence on whether conditional conservatism reduces information asymmetry differentially for shareholders and debtholders. We use the setting of a firm's choice between equity versus debt when it seeks a significant amount of external financing to examine this research question. We find that when firms raise a significant amount of external financing, the use of equity (versus debt) increases with the level of conservatism. We also find that the reduction in cost of equity associated with conservatism is greater for equity issuers than for debt issuers, but find no such difference when we examine cost of debt. In addition, we find that the positive effect of conservatism on the choice of equity issuance (versus debt issuance) is accentuated when the information asymmetry between the firm and its shareholders is more severe. Overall, our results suggest that conservatism reduces information asymmetry more between firms and shareholders than between firms and debtholders.     

当前地方政府债务融资的问题与对策

我国地方政府融资的动因是多方面的,如分税制与城市化进程中的公共物品供给,发展型财税政策的实施等,使其面临严峻的财政压力,债务融资成为当前地方政府融资的主要方式.但过度负债、缺乏制度性的设计、对土地财政的严重依赖等问题日益突出.有针对性的对策应包括地方债务的显性化与透明化,城市基础设施投融资体制的改革,规范和完善融资平台建设,探索地方债的发行等.     

中小板上市公司债务融资效率研究

基于江苏省20家中小板上市公司的面板数据,采用聚类和数据包络分析相结合的方法,对这些公司进行债务融资效率分析。研究表明,中小板企业在融入资产的配置效率方面更为关注自身盈利状况和成长前景,而没有充分认识到节约融资成本的重要性,从而导致企业债务融资效率偏低。对此,我国中小板企业应充分发挥债务融资的杠杆作用,优化资本结构,通过强强联合和以强带弱的途径分散经营风险,在扩大规模效益的基础上持续增强企业盈利能力。     

道德风险与企业债务融资方式分析

企业债券与银行贷款是企业债务融资的主要方式,企业举债融入资金以后可能发生道德风险行为,损害债权人的利益,债权人的监督能够降低或消除企业的道德风险,银行比分散的债券投资者能够更有效地监督企业。本文通过一个模型说明,道德风险小的企业债券融资较容易,而道德风险高的企业难以在债券市场上融资,只能依靠银行贷款,通过银行的监督来减小或消除道德风险,然后利用这个模型,并结合中国的实际情况,对中国企业的债务融资决策进行了分析。     

货币政策冲击、债务保守与公司融投资

以往对货币政策传导机制的研究大多站在宏观总量的角度,较少关注传递的微观基础,也并未详尽探讨微观企业行为如何弱化了宏观经济政策的效力。本文考察公司如何通过持续多期的债务保守行为应对货币政策冲击。实证结果表明,公司在货币宽松期的持续债务保守策略显著提高了货币紧缩期间获得贷款的能力与投资水平,并且这一效应是较为稳健的。这意味着公司可通过债务保守策略应对冲击,弱化紧缩货币政策的实施效力。本文的发现支持了债务保守的财务柔性假说,丰富了对于货币政策信贷渠道微观机制的认识,同时也为公司如何应对货币政策的冲击提供了一定启示。     

Effects of Exchange Rates on Debt, Debt Services and Public Debt Management in Thailand in the 1980s

This paper attempts to evaluate the effects of exchange rates on debt, debt services, and public debt management in Thailand in the 1980s. A simple differentiation technique is used to decompose the changes in debt and debt services into 'management' and 'exchange rates' effects. The latter became more pronounced in the second half of the 1980s largely because of the increased volatility in exchange rates among key currencies. The public sector responded to these changes by adjusting the debt portfolio through new commitment and refinancing, as well as restricting the level of external debt. As a result, a significant amount of debt services was saved in 1989, when the exchange rates among major currencies began to settle down, although the same adjustments initially led to temporary increases in the levels of debt and debt services during the mid-1980s.
Moreover, the diversified structure of public external debt made it possible to compensate a change of debt or debt service in one currency denomination by a counter change of those in another currency denomination. Such a compensating relationship (e.g. between Yen and US dollar during 1985–87) helped stabilise the effects of exchange rates. The baht is now pegged to a basket of currencies. In theory the effects of exchange rates may be completely neutralised if the debt portfolio reflects the weight of each currency in the basket. Such relationships may be incorporated to improve the efficiency of public debt management.     

中国上市公司的债务融资分析——基于理论与实证的视角

本文在实证上，通过模型筛选．采用固定影响变截距计量模型，考察了上市公司债务融资的影响因素。在实证得出的时期影响基础上，本文进一步从理论上构建了上市公司债务融资与资金成本的财务动态稳定性分析框架，发现在一定的条件下，当公司销售增长率大于资金成本率时，存在鞍点路径保证公司债务水平和资金成本率趋于某一水平，从而使公司财务保持稳定状态。基于以上实证与理论研究，本文最后得出若干结论。     

Assessing Debt Sustainability in a Stochastic Environment: 200 Years of Dutch Debt and Deficit Management

When debt levels approach critical levels, tax payers may revolt against the associated debt service burden. Funding problems may arise in capital markets when lenders anticipate such revolts and refuse to participate in debt auctions. We provide a stochastic framework to assess whether such problems may arise and argue that the key to fiscal sustainability in a stochastic environment is a feedback rule from debt level shocks back to corresponding adjustments in the primary surplus. We show that such feedback rules narrow future distributions of debt–output ratios and so reduce crisis probabilities. We apply the methodology to Dutch debt and deficit data spanning two centuries. Our results strongly argue for the incorporation of rules stipulating tightening fiscal policy whenever debt stocks exceed previously agreed upon targets (like in the original Eurozone Stability pact).     

我国地方政府投融资平台的债务风险防范与控制研究

2008年以来,地方政府投融资平台的非理性盲目扩张极大地增加了我国地方政府的债务风险.文章阐述了我国地方政府投融资平台的债务风险现状,分析了地方投融资平台运营模式与地方政府债务形成与增长的关系,对未来3年地方政府投融资平台所引致的债务风险做出了判断,并从债务管理监督、平台经营与内部控制和债务风险防范等多个维度对地方政府投融资平台引致的债务风险控制提出了建议.     

论公司融资中“债”与“股”的区分——以名股实债为中心

名股实债是当前公司企业融资中的一种特殊安排。其本质是借助股权投资的外衣来掩盖债权融资的经济实质。名股实债出现的原因是当前我国对于公司融资监管较严,非公众公司缺乏股权融资渠道,授信额度也不能满足企业发展需要。投资方也需要借助股权投资的名目来突破市场壁垒、预防金融违约风险。对于名股实债,在司法认定上应当报以一种接受、尊重的态度,从当事人之间的意思表示出发,探求当事人之间融资安排的经济实质。但是在如破产清算等设计外部第三人场合中也应当采取外观主义,保护善意第三人。     

中央银行票据、公债管理和铸币税

本文以寻求中央银行票据的替代品为切入点,重点探讨中央银行货币管理、短期公债管理和中央银行票据的债务管理之间的关系以及由此所产生的铸币税问题。研究表明,现阶段中国中央银行通过介入政府短期公债市场来干预本币汇率不具备现实性。本文探讨了替代中央银行票据的其他政策工具的利弊问题,总结了在完全对冲和不完全对冲外汇储备方式下政府铸币税收入的变化情况。     

加强地方政府债务审计与管理的思考

适度举债是加大城市基础设施投入,推动当地经济发展的重要举措,但在实施举债的过程中,如果不充分考虑当地财政的承受、偿付能力和经济发展的实际需要,以及举债后对债务缺乏有效的管理,就会影响当地经济的健康、持续和稳定发展。本文结合近年来对县级政府债务的审计实践,就当前地方政府债务的现状、成因进行了综合分析,提出进一步加强和规范举债行为和债务管理的对策思路。     

Indonesian Foreign Debt: Headed for A Crisis or Financing Sustainable Growth?

This paper examines the build-up in Indonesia's foreign debt between 1981 and 1993, and explores the potential for a debt crisis during Repelita VI. It concludes that Indonesia is not headed toward a crisis in the immediate future- Borrowed funds have generally financed productive investments, contributing to rapid growth in GDP and exports since the late 1980s. If recent trends continue, debt should ease gradually; if not, the economy could withstand a substantial balance of payments shock, at least for a while. A debt servicing problem, although unlikely, is conceivable by the end of the decade. Short-term debt is growing rapidly, non-oil export growth has slowed, and debt service remains high. Appropriate government actions to reduce the potential for a crisis include further deregulation to support growth in non-oil exports, discouraging implicit government guarantees for private sector projects, and reducing government exposure to yen-denominated debt.     

对发展中国家外债风险管理的探讨

很多发展中国家都存有大量外债,由于汇率、利率的波动以及资产和负债期限的不匹配性,这些国家存在着严重的外债风险(汇率风险、利率风险和流动性风险),对他们的宏观经济政策和经济活动产生干扰。发展中国家应该通过建立独立的外债风险管理机构来有效管理这些风险,并运用成熟的风险管理技术和招聘具有相关经验和知识的人才来从事这些工作。这些风险工作不但需要风险管理工具,还需要有相关的机构。     

积极化解债务强化村级财务管理刍议

农村实行税费改革后,村级集体经济收入减少,村级债务一直制约着农村经济发展,直接影响了干群关系,不利于农村社会的稳定。村级财务管理工作历来是农村经济管理的难点,是关系稳定大局、保障税费改革顺利实施的大事。本文努力总结存在的问题,积极探索化解村组债务、强化财务管理的方法,为解决这一群众关心的热点问题提出一些看法和建议。     

我国管理层收购融资的困境与对策

管理者的融资能力是管理层收购中很重要的一环。就我国国情而言,在MBO的实际操作中确实存在一些问题,尤其是目标公司的价值一般远远超过收购主体的支付能力,需要一系列的融资方案来解决,但由于我国金融工具的缺乏和相关政策法规的限制,收购资金很难通过合法渠道取得。融资难已成为制约我国MBO运作的瓶颈。     

保障性住房物业管理资金来源与运用机制研究

目前中国的住房市场中,保障性住房因为政策和制度的优势,其所占的比例越来越大。"十二五"期间,我国会有大量保障性住房的建设。在不久的将来,这些保障性住房会大规模地投入使用。在建筑物的使用过程中,物业管理是一项重要的内容。文章首先简单介绍了我国保障性住房的现状和发展趋势,提出保障性住房在物业管理中遇到的资金来源与运用问题,建立保障性住房物业管理资金来源与运用机制,确保保障性住房在使用过程中物业管理的有效进行。