The Role of Human Capital,Market Potential and Natural Amenities in Understanding Spatial Wage Disparities in Chile

Abstract

This paper presents an empirical framework for analysing spatial wage inequality in Chile. Chile is primarily characterized by two stylized facts: the high spatial concentration around the metropolitan area and the key role of natural resources in the country. The paper considers both elements in a competition between NEG (new economic geography) and a theory based on natural resource endowment, with both theories incorporating human capital via a multilevel analysis. The results show the poor performance of NEG for Chile and indicate that natural resources are the principal cause of spatial wage variability in Chile.

RÉSUMÉ La présente communication illustre un cadre d'analyse empirique de l'inégalité spatiale entre les salaires, au Chili. Le Chili est caractérisé principalement par les deux faits stylisés suivants : une concentration spatiale élevée autour de la zone métropolitaine, et le rôle essentiel que jouent les ressources naturelles dans ce pays. Cette communication se penche sur ces deux éléments dans le cadre d'une compétition entre deux théories : d'une part la nouvelle géographie économique (« NEG »), de l'autre une théorie fondée sur la dotation en ressources naturelles, ces deux théories incorporant le capital humain par le biais d'une analyse à multiples niveaux. Les résultats démontrent les mauvais résultats de NEG pour le Chili, et indiquent que les ressources naturelles sont la principale cause de la variabilité spatiale des salaires au Chili.

EXTRACTO Este estudio presenta un marco empírico para analizar la desigualdad espacial de los salarios en Chile. Chile se caracteriza principalmente por dos hechos estilizados: la alta concentración espacial alrededor del área metropolitana y la función clave de los recursos naturales del país. El estudio considera ambos elementos en una competición entre la NEG (Nueva Geografía Económica) y una teoría basada en el legado de recursos naturales, donde ambas teorías incorporan el capital humano a través de un análisis de múltiples niveles. Los resultados muestran un bajo rendimiento de la NEG en relación con Chile e indican que los recursos naturales son la causa principal de la variabilidad espacial de los salarios en Chile.

摘要: 本文提出了一种分析智利区域工资不均的经验框架。智利主要有两大特点: 大城市地区高度空间聚集和农村地区自然资源作用巨大。本文在对NEG (新经济地理学) 和基于自然资源储藏量的理论进行比较时, 考虑了这两个因素, 同时还通过多层次分析纳入了人力资源因素。结果显示智利NEG性能很差, 表明智利区域工资差异的主要原因是自然资源。     

社会资本与家族企业人力资源管理

人力资源管理对家族企业的竞争和发展起着决定性作用,然而,我国家族企业在人力资源管理上却问题重重,很大程度上制约了家族企业的发展。本文从社会资本的角度来研究家族企业中的人力资源问题,首先阐述了家族企业的社会资本特点,然后指出家族企业人力资源管理问题的罪魁祸首是其社会资本的局限性,最后本文从社会资本视角提出了家族企业人力资源管理问题的解决方案。     

企业社会资本及其对知识管理绩效的影响

随着全球竞争的日趋激烈,持续的创新和能够提供创新的知识日渐成为企业获得竞争优势的关键性资源。本文基于企业社会资本的概念及知识管理的过程,探讨了企业社会资本对知识管理绩效的影响。并提出:企业社会资本通过企业的知识存量,对企业知识管理的绩效施加影响。     

社会资本与区域经济创新

成功的区域经济往往表现出较强的区域创新能力,这也成为企业在区域经济中得以成功的重要因素。社会资本理论在社会学、经济学等方面的研究和发展为区域经济创新提供了一个崭新的视角。社会资本概念体现了区域创新中多个主体交互作用的动态过程这一特性,它对区域创新的形成与保持具有重要作用。     

Bonding and Bridging Associational Social Capital and the Financial Performance of Local Authorities in Israel

Abstract

This study explores whether bridging and bonding social capital differ in their impacts on government performance at the local level and the extent to which these impacts vary between localities exhibiting differing socioeconomic resources. The study is based on an analysis of 256 local authorities in Israel. The findings show that bridging and bonding social capital do differ in their respective effects on government performance and that the nature of the relationship of each type of capital with government performance varies by the community's socioeconomic profile. Poor communities with high densities of bridging social capital were characterized by lower deficits as a percentage of total municipal budgets, more accurate expenditure forecasts and greater spending on services per capita.     

社会资本、知识创造与企业技术创新绩效的关系模型研究

企业的技术创新需要借助内部与外部的知识,而社会资本是企业获取知识的主要来源之一。本文在分析企业的社会资本、吸收能力、知识创造和技术创新绩效四者之间关系的基础上,提出了6项关系假设,并基于此构建了社会资本与企业技术创新绩效关系的理论模型,指出企业需要通过增加社会资本的积累来促进企业吸收和创造知识的能力,进一步提高企业的技术创新绩效。     

Regional Heterogeneity in the Private and Social Returns to Human Capital

Abstract

It is thought that policies aimed at encouraging the accumulation of human capital in less productive regions can constitute a key factor in development. However, the effectiveness of this policy depends in large part on each region's capacity to give returns to human capital. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the existence of substantial spatial variations in private and aggregate returns to human capital, indicating that development policies based on stimulating the accumulation of education differ in effectiveness. Results for the Spanish regions suggest that regional variations in social returns are greater than those in private returns.     

基于社会资本视角谈如何发挥辅导员在大学生就业中的作用

辅导员是大学生成长成才的指导者与领路人,是大学生就业工作过程中可利用的社会关系资本的重要组成部分。文章挖掘了辅导员开展大学生就业工作的独特优势,分析了目前情况下辅导员在就业过程中遇到的问题和挑战,重点对辅导员在大学生就业中作用发挥的策略进行研究。     

城市交通系统与土地资源优化利用的关系

充分认识交通规划与土地利用的关系是合理进行土地利用规划的基础。结合我国现阶段城市发展的状况,协调好城市交通体系建设与土地利用的关系,是保证城市可持续发展的一个关键因素。     

Service on a Stigmatized Board,Social Capital,and Change in Number of Directorships

This article seeks to develop a nuanced understanding about the relationship between service on a stigmatized board and reduced opportunities for future directorships on other boards by examining the moderating effects of different dimensions of director social capital on this relationship. Evidence based on a unique sample of firms with boards that were viewed as being stigmatized by a group of corporate governance experts suggests that while serving on a stigmatized board is related to a reduction in future number of directorships held, this relationship is significantly mitigated for directors of upper‐class origins. However, social capital related to affiliations with other elite institutions does not appear to mitigate reduction in future number of directorships held by outside directors who serve on a stigmatized board. Implications and future directions in research on class‐based influence in the corporate community and stigmatization and devaluation of elites associated with corporate failures are discussed.     

基于社会资本视角的企业创新网络建构研究

在网络竞争环境下,企业原有的生产组织和资源配置方式发生了根本变化,使技术创新更多的体现为一种动态的、复杂的社会化知识创造过程,以社会资本为视角对创新网络的研究已经受到广泛关注。     

二十一世纪人地关系研究前瞻

地理学研究与诸多学科问题之间存在着紧密的联系,其实质是因果关系。人地关系地域系统研究的主要趋势是走向综合,对于某一区域的研究,不仅应考虑要素结构,还需从地域结构的层面来设定,使两者有机整合。依此,尝试性提出人地关系地域耦合系统研究的地理学范式。     

Effect of Knowledge Leadership on Knowledge Sharing in Engineering Project Design Teams: The Role of Social Capital

Knowledge sharing is a precondition for engineering project design teams to achieve an efficient design; however, designers are not always willing to share knowledge with other team members. To improve knowledge sharing, this article investigates the effect of knowledge leadership on knowledge sharing in engineering project design teams by examining the role of social capital. Our results show a significant indirect effect of knowledge leadership on knowledge sharing through the mediating role of social capital. Therefore, effective knowledge sharing depends on knowledge leaders to develop a share vision, and promote a trustworthy and collaborative environment for designers.     

外资并购在我国的发展趋势、影响及对策

在经济全球化和中国加入WTO的背景下,我国掀起一股“外资并购热”。人们普遍认为,利用发达国家新一轮产业结构调整的机会,借助国际并购浪潮,促进外资参与国企的改组改造,推动国有企业与跨国公司合作,将对盘活国企存量资本,促进我国的产业结构调整和相关行业整合产生积极影响。但是,并购只是外资进入中国的一种途径而已。本文通过对外资并购在我国的发展趋势和动因的分析,指出其对我国经济的影响及我国应采取的对策。     

Impact at the ‘Bottom of the Pyramid’: The Role of Social Capital in Capability Development and Community Empowerment

Rooted in the notion of inclusive capitalism, the Bottom‐of‐the‐Pyramid (BoP) approach argues for the simultaneous pursuit of profit and social welfare by creating markets for the poor. This idea has been both celebrated and criticized in the literature. We do neither in this paper. Instead, by leveraging insights from Amartya Sen's work on capability development and the literature on social capital, we offer a more socially embedded and community‐centric BoP approach. By redefining poverty not just as a lack of income, but also as a lack of ‘capabilities’ in Sen's sense that can be developed through leveraging social capital, we offer a systemic framework for understanding the societal impact of business‐driven ventures in the BoP and empowering BoP communities through these ventures. Specifically, we argue that any business initiative in the BoP ought to be evaluated on the basis of whether it advances capability transfer and retention by (a) enhancing the social capital between a particular community and other more resource rich networks, and (b) preserving the existing social capital in the community.     

创新开放度与企业绩效：高质量人力资本的调节作用

针对开放度和企业绩效的关系,探讨了高质量人力资本对于开放度与创新绩效关系的调节作用,并通过非平衡面板固定效应,以我国6085家科技服务企业2008-2016年16560个样本为基础进行了实证研究。研究发现:开放广度正向影响企业创新能力,负向影响企业劳动生产率;开放深度负向影响企业创新能力,正向影响企业劳动生产率;内部高质量人力资本正向调节开放广度对劳动生产率的影响,正向调节开放深度对创新能力的作用,弥补了开放式创新对于企业绩效带来的负向影响。企业应提高高质量人力资本水平,进而提升开放式创新绩效。     

基于网络与信任的马山口镇铁锅制造业社会资本实证分析

从网络与信任两个维度,对马山口镇铁锅制造业企业的社会资本与集群发展的关系进行了具有针对性的个案实证研究,证明了集群内企业的社会资本与企业绩效有着显著的正相关关系,进而从企业层面分析的结论指出,马山口镇铁锅制造业集群发展过程中,网络与信任的社会资本对集群有着显著的正向影响。