基于零售商主导的纵向约束研究述评

基于零售商主导的纵向约束研究已经引起越来越多的重视,尤其是随着近年来外资零售商迅速扩张并日渐取得我国零售市场的主导权,关于开放国内商品分销市场可能通过产业关联效应产生经济安全风险的讨论,使这一问题成为关注的焦点。本文依据外部性理论,对零售商主导的纵向约束研究进行系统综述,分析各种纵向约束方式的福利效应以及相应的规制政策,以此对我国零售业实施相关的反垄断政策提供一定的理论指导和经验借鉴。     

主导零售商并购与市场势力研究

在零售市场,主导零售商的并购活动有助于提高价格并有效阻止顾客流失,获得市场势力：一方面,由于零售竞争的区域性,主导零售商并购关键店址资源形成产品差异化优势;另一方面,由于零售竞争的分散性,主导零售商能够在并购店铺成功实施掠夺性定价。因此,政府规制应准确界定相关市场、防止主导零售商并购引起市场份额的显著变化以及高度关注主导零售商并购后的过度低价促销。     

基于零售商市场势力纵向关系研究的理论综述

近年来,零售商的市场势力和制造商产品的多样化呈上升的趋势,从而导致了纵向市场结构由上游垄断一下游竞争向上游竞争一下游垄断的方向演变。零售商的抗衡力量和对上游的纵向约束是其在纵向结构中权力变动的重要表现。这种纵向关系分为非线性定价下的纵向约束和排他性合约下的纵向约束两个部分,从零售商市场势力的视角对制造商一零售商纵向关系进行系统综述,可为我国零售业的反垄断政策提供理论上的指导和借鉴。     

基于零售商优势地位的规制比较研究

随着零售店的普遍兴起和市场集中度的提高,零售商逐渐拥有垄断势力,他们凭借其优势地位,向生产商实施纵向约束,制约了公平竞争,这一现象逐渐引起政府的关注,如何规制零售商的行为,解决零供关系成为研究的重点。本文从零售商对供应商的纵向约束出发,介绍了对其规制的一些研究,在此基础上描述了各个国家的规制政策,并从我国的规制现状中看到我国规制政策的不足,强调借鉴国外经验制定相关政策法规的紧迫性。     

中国海运市场中的市场势力及规制分析

拥有市场势力的国际海运企业通过实施其垄断行为,会提高货主的交易成本,阻碍了对外贸易的健康发展。文章对中国海运市场上国际海运企业市场势力进行分析,结果表明存在较高的垄断程度,并据此提出了政府规制措施,以促进中国海运市场的竞争及对外贸易的健康发展。     

环境规制、市场势力与企业创新

具有市场势力的企业面临环境规制时可以通过研发创新实现波特效应,也可以通过转嫁合规成本实现利润最大化。本文利用新《环境保护法》实施这一准自然实验,基于双重差分和三重差分模型系统地评估了环境强监管对具有不同市场势力的上市公司研发创新的影响。研究发现,新《环境保护法》的实施显著促进了企业的研发创新,市场势力本身与企业创新呈现倒“U”型关系,同时市场势力显著抑制了新《环境保护法》的波特效应。     

零售商抗衡势力的理论与实证研究综述

无论是20世纪80年代美国市场沃尔玛与宝洁的“冷战”,还是近年来我国市场上格力与国美的“较劲”,都无可争议地反映了零售商相对于制造商的抗衡势力越来越显著。本文从理论模型、经验研究和实验设计等方面,系统综述了零售商抗衡势力的测度方法及其对消费者价格、产业链绩效和社会福利影响的相关研究进展,以此对我国零售业实施相关的规制政策提供一定的理论指导和经验借鉴。     

市场势力、煤电矛盾与潜在福利损失——来自上市公司的经验证据

多年来煤电矛盾一直困扰我国经济发展,且近年来呈加剧之势。煤电行业相对市场势力是分析煤电矛盾的关键环节,根据新经验产业组织学的分析框架和GMM方法估计了2005～2008年煤炭和火电行业的市场势力及煤电产业链的潜在福利损失。研究表明：煤炭、火电行业市场势力溢价分别为1．10和0．87,煤炭行业行使相对市场势力而火电行业因电价规制无法传导成本提高是造成煤电矛盾的重要原因;煤电产业链的潜在福利损失平均相当于当年GDP的2．9％左右。     

纵向市场结构与买方抗衡势力研究

本文重新界定双重垄断、双边垄断、双侧垄断等不同类型的纵向市场结构,考察当存在双边垄断的时候,在双侧垄断与单侧垄断竞争格局下零售商买方垄断势力日益增长的福利后果有何不同。研究发现,在双侧垄断情形下,从消费者福利角度考虑,纵向一体化结果优于纵向分离结果,而在单侧垄断的情形下,纵向分离结果则反过来优于纵向一体化结果,因此单侧垄断（或者说单侧竞争）的纵向市场结构有效地克服了双重加价问题,此时买方抗衡势力假说有一定的说服力。考虑到跨期因素,这一结论尤为可信。     

试论制造商与分销商纵向约束的市场关系

从产业组织的纵向约束角度对制造商和分销商(批发商和零售商)的市场关系进行了经济学分析，提出了制造商如何提高纵向约束有效性的思路和途径。     

Vertical territorial restraints rules of legality and guidelines for channel design

Location clauses and other vertical territorial restraints are often used by manufacturers to exert control over their distributors. Yet, recent Supreme Court decisions have resulted in some uncertainty as to the legality of these restraints. According to the case of Continental T.V. versus GTE Sylvania, the court now appears to be applying the rule of reason when asked to examine vertical territorial restraints. In this article, the sequencing of precedent cases that ultimately resulted in the rule of reason are presented first. Second, an interpretation of the Continental T.V. versus GTE Sylvania case is offered. Finally, some selected guidelines that should help a manufacturer survive a court inquiry under the rule of reason are provided.     

Managing trade promotions in the context of market power

The use of trade promotions as a channel-programming tool has increased substantially in the past decade. In focusing on the tactical implications of trade promotions, some firms appear to have underestimated the tendency of poorly planned trade promotions to interfere with the implementation of a marketing strategy. In this article, the authors examine the complex issue of trade promotion use from both long-term and short-term perspectives. Different trade promotions can produce dissimilar types of channel cooperation, consumer responses, and postpromotion channel member behavior, resulting in differences in distribution-programming preferences between suppliers and retailers. The authors argue that the adjudication of these different preference structures is addressed through the market power of the channel participants. Based on an assessment of these channel relationships, an approach for suggested courses of action is forwarded. Jack J. Kasulis is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Oklahoma. He obtained his Ph.D. in marketing from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and has research interests in marketing channels, retailing, and consumer behavior. His articles have appeared in such journals as theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, European Journal of Marketing, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Advertising Research, and various other journals and proceedings. Fred W. Morgan is the Ashland Professor of Marketing at the University of Kentucky. He obtained his Ph.D. in marketing from Michigan State University in East Lansing and has research interests in legal issues in marketing, sales management, and marketing channels. His articles have appeared in such journals as theJournal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing and Public Policy, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing Channels, and various other journals and proceedings. David E. Griffith is an associate professor and the Harvey Jones Chair of Marketing at Ouachita Baptist University. He obtained his Ph.D. in marketing from the University of Texas in Austin and has research interests in marketing channels, marketing strategy, and ethics. His research has appeared inMarketing Letters, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing Channels, and various other journals and proceedings. James M. Kenderdine is an associate professor and director of the Distribution Research Program at the University of Oklahoma. He obtained his D.B.A. from Indiana University in Bloomington. His research interests are in wholesaling, retailing, and marketing channels. His publications have includedThe Changing Economics of Wholesaling: A North American Chart Book, Wholesaling in Transition: An Executive Chart Book, and articles in various journals and proceedings.     

Consumer images of two types of competing financial service retailers

Service retailers sell an intangible product which is frequently difficult to evaluate. Therefore, the images consumers have of the service retailer are especially critical. This research measures consumer images of two types of financial service retailers to assess the similarity of retail image, crosssectionally, and the stability of these images, longitudinally.     

A study of conflict between shopping center managers and retailers within regional shopping centers

This article reports on a study of conflict between center managers and retail tenants in regional shopping centers in Ohio. Also, issues important to the successful operation of a regional center are identified. The results show that conflict does exist, and the differences in conflict perceived by center managers and tenants are significant. Specific areas of disagreements are pinpointed. The results show that the extent of conflict that exists is a function of the size of the shopping center and the proportion of the total square footage of gross leasable area occupied by major tenants.     

How European retailers view American imported products: Results of a product image survey

With the dimensions of international trade widening each year, and the oil generated U.S. balance of payments deficit unacceptably high, the need for American firms to export their products to overseas markets has never been greater. Formulation of a successful export marketing strategy for the European Community can be greatly assisted by gaining some insight into how the consumers and businessmen in the various European member nations view American products. With this in mind, a total of 163 retail store managers in Britain and France were asked to rate products “made in the U.S.A.” on each of 13 product image dimensions, and to “vote” for which of the 3 countries offered the products of greatest value in 6 different consumer product categories. The results offer some useful insights for U.S. firms seeking to tap the potential consumer markets in Britain and France.     

患上"女强人综合征"

某四星级酒店的总经理魏女士突然感到头痛、眩晕、颈肩部麻木并伴有疼痛,好像马上就要晕倒在办公桌室。同事们觉得很奇怪,因为魏总平时给大家的印象总是精力旺盛、身体健康。其实,魏总已经患上了“女强人综合征”。     

我国证券市场试点做市商制度的若干设想

指令驱动交易制度是我国证券市场交易的主导制度，而做市商制度在我国证券市场上只能是一种辅助性的交易制度，但这并不表明证券的场外交易市场不重要。研究发展建立类似NASDAQ的做市商制度是具有现实意义的。     

VaR及对证券投资基金的VaR测算

本在对VaR方法的分析的基础上，选择了GAROH模型度量证券投资基金的风险，并计算了样本期间22只基金的VaR值。在此基础上给出了各基金对应的RAROC值，并对结果进行了分析。     

银行间债券市场的做市商制度研究

我国在2000年建立银行间债券市场的双边报价商制度，构建了初步意义上的中国债券市场做市商制度；在接下来的几年中，这一制度在提高市场流动性、活跃市场方面发挥了积极的作用。但从2003年下半年开始，债券市场行情持续走低的情况下．双边报价商制度可以说名存实亡。针对这一新情况的出现，本文进行了详尽的问题分析，并提出政策建议来解决做市商的做市动力以及如何更好地发挥做市商做市效果两方面的问题。     

纵向一体化理论研究综述

本文对纵向一体化理论和经验研究的文献进行全面的梳理、评论，比较和总结新古典经济学、新制度经济学及演化经济理论对纵向一体化研究的成果和不足，透析纵向一体化未来可能的研究方向。