Industrial Upgrading in a Multiple‐cone Heckscher–Ohlin Model: The Flying Geese Patterns of Industrial Development

This paper examines empirically how the multiple‐cone version of the Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) model fits the “flying geese” patterns of industrial development: a series of industries appear, prosper, then decline and finally disappear one after another. Using Japanese manufacturing data from 1975 to 2006, the analysis shows that the multiple‐cone model fits well with the flying geese patterns of Japanese industrial development. The result suggests that part of the industrial upgrading can be explained by the multiple‐cone HO model. This also implies that an underlying mechanism of macroeconomic growth is industrial upgrading, part of which can be attributed to capital accumulation.     

科技金融、产业结构优化与区域生态效率——基于空间计量模型的实证分析

本文利用2007—2017年我国30个省市(因数据缺失,不包括西藏地区和港澳台地区)的面板数据,采用超效率DEA模型测度我国生态效率,同时运用熵权法测度我国科技金融指数,在此基础上建立空间计量模型,研究科技金融、产业结构优化及其交互作用对生态效率的影响.结果表明:我国生态效率整体呈上升趋势,区域差异明显,且生态效率具有显著的空间溢出效应;科技金融在产业结构的调节下对生态效率产生显著的促进作用;产业结构优化对生态效率的影响具有不确定性.     

The impacts of trade and self‐sufficiency policies on heterogeneous rice farms in Malaysia

This paper develops a farm household model of heterogeneous Malaysian rice farmers. The model determines the domestic price of milled rice in equilibrium. The model is simulated to analyze the effects of free trade, self‐sufficiency achieved through trade policy, and the impact of free trade and self‐sufficiency when rice productivity expands. The ex ante results for free trade predict that total rice supply rises as the increase in imports offsets the decrease in domestic production, causing the domestic price of milled rice to fall by 15.8 percent. While this price decrease generates negative income effects for rice farmers, it leads to an expansion of consumption of milled rice by both the farm and urban populations. The results for self‐sufficiency through heightened tariffs predict that production for domestic rice farmers increases. However, with fewer imports, total rice supply falls, causing the domestic price of rice to increase by 41.5 percent. Because free trade is politically unfeasible and trade‐driven self‐sufficiency policies contract total rice consumption, boosting rice production through research and development is an effective way for Malaysia to increase the total supply of rice while limiting its dependence on imports.     

Thresholds in finance–growth nexus: Evidence from G‐7 economies

This study explores the finance and economic growth nexus in G‐7 economies as these countries experience significantly higher levels of financial development. Using a balanced panel of 31 years from 1983 to 2013, we provide new evidence on the finance–growth relationship. We show the presence of nonlinearity as there is an inverted U‐shaped relationship between finance and growth in the long run. Estimating the thresholds in the finance–growth nexus, we notice that there exists a threshold effect of finance at 109% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We observe that exceeding the threshold would hinder the countries instead of furthering economic growth as too much finance is harmful. Based on the panel Granger causality test results, we claim that financial development should be associated with optimal growth performance. Our findings for the G‐7 economies offer some useful policy inferences to the emerging and developing economies in designing their financial development strategies.     

Institutions for private sector development and pro‐poor growth: Evidence from Vietnam

Using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey 2008, we explore the differences in pro‐poor growth performance in provinces in Vietnam according to the quality of the provinces’ institutions that support private sector activity. We exploit the localized and varying effect of French colonial legacy across Vietnamese provinces to address the endogeneity of institutions. We find strong and robust evidence of a positive effect of good‐quality institutions that support private sector activity on pro‐poor growth and that enhanced working hours and hourly wage and extended income from non‐farm self‐employment play critical roles in this outcome.     

海洋创新驱动、海洋产业结构升级与海洋经济高质量发展——基于面板门槛回归模型的实证分析

通过运用我国11个沿海省份2006—2018年的数据,构建面板门槛回归模型,研究以海洋创新驱动为门槛变量时,海洋产业结构升级对海洋经济高质量发展的影响作用。研究表明:海洋产业结构升级能够显著促进海洋全要素生产率提高;海洋产业结构升级对海洋经济高质量发展的促进作用受到海洋创新驱动水平制约而存在门槛效应;外商资本投资水平、R&D经费投入情况均是海洋经济高质量发展的重要影响因素;南部、东部海洋经济圈中海洋产业结构升级能够有效促进海洋经济高质量发展,而北部海洋经济圈则较不显著。最后,从重点培育海洋高新技术产业、提升海洋科技转化应用能力、优化海洋创新驱动制度环境、促进海洋经济区域协同发展四个方面提出相关措施建议。     

The dynamics of financial development,globalisation, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan Africa

The importance of life expectancy is recognised in the development economics literature because of its increasing effects on labour productivity and economic growth in long‐run. However, no published study to date empirically examines the nonlinear relationships between globalisation, financial development, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. Therefore, our study intends to fill this gap by using non‐parametric cointegration test and multivariate Granger causality test towards a non‐linear empirical understanding of the factors affecting the life expectancy. We consider the case of 16 sub‐Saharan African economies using annual data over the period 1970–2012. The empirical analysis indicates that financial development, globalisation and economic growth appear to have a positive impact upon life expectancy in sub‐Saharan African economies, except for Gabon and Togo. Our empirical findings may provide insightful policy implications towards improving population health conditions which are vital for promoting the productivity of labour force and long‐run economic growth in sub‐Saharan African countries. In light of these policy implications, governments should incorporate globalisation, financial development and economic growth as key economic instruments in formulating sustainable developmental policy to promote life expectancy for the people in sub‐Saharan African countries.     

我国产业能源消耗对经济产出和就业的异质性影响——基于面板协整模型的实证分析

文章在对我国三大产业进行细分的基础上,基于1985-2009年各产业能源消费量、产值和就业人数的统计数据,采用面板协整模型对三者之间的互动关系进行了实证检验。检验结果显示,不同产业及产业内部主要部门在能源产出弹性和能源就业弹性方面存在着显著的差异,产业能源消耗的异质性决定了能源消耗低碳化对经济产出及就业产生的不同影响,表明低碳经济应与经济产出和就业保持均衡的发展关系。     

工业能源消费碳排放影响因素研究——基于STIRPAT模型的上海分行业动态面板数据实证分析

文章估算了1994-2008年上海市工业分行业能源终端消费的二氧化碳(CO2)排放量,对其演变趋势进行了总结分析,并基于改进的STIRPAT模型和广义矩估计方法分别对碳排放规模和强度的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果显示:黑色金属行业作为第一排放大户,其排放走势对工业部门整体排放趋势具有关键性的影响;碳排放规模和强度与劳均产出之间分别呈现出N型和倒N型曲线关系;煤炭消费比重对碳排放规模和强度均具有显著的促进作用,研发强度和能源效率对其均表现出显著的限制作用,而投资规模对碳排放规模和强度分别具有显著的促进和抑制作用;碳排放的变化具有明显的滞后效应,劳均产出和能源效率是对碳排放产生长期影响最强的两个因素。     

Anti‐immigration policy in the destination country and skilled–unskilled wage inequality in a source economy with or without unemployment

This paper is aimed at theoretically examining the consequence of the anti‐immigration policy adopted in the destination country on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality in a source nation using a couple of two‐sector, specific‐factor general equilibrium models in both the presence and absence of unemployment. Emigration requires incurring some capital cost for professional skill formation on the part of every prospective emigrant that adds to the opportunity cost of emigration. The authority of the destination country determines the number of visas to be granted and hence directly controls the magnitude of skilled emigration from the source country. In the migration equilibrium, the expected skilled wage income abroad is equal to the opportunity cost of emigration. In both the presence and absence of unemployment of unskilled labor, the outcome of the policy on the wage inequality crucially hinges on both the magnitude of the fixed cost of emigration and the technological factors. In the specific‐factor Harris–Todaro model, the degree of imperfection in the unskilled labor market is an additional factor. Finally, some policy recommendations have been made for protecting the interest of the poor unskilled workforce.     

Financial development and economic growth in Greece: an empirical investigation with Granger causality analysis

This paper empirically examines the causal relationship between the degree of openness of the economy, financial development and economic growth by using a multivariate autoregressive VAR model in Greece for the examined period 1960:I-2000:IV. The results of cointegration analysis suggest that there is one cointegrated vector among GDP, financial development and the degree of openness of the economy. Granger causality tests based on error correction models show that there is a causal relationship between financial development and economic growth, but also between the degree of openness of the economy and economic growth.     

Deregulation, consolidation and banks efficiency in Singapore: Evidence from event study window approach and Tobit analysis

A three-year window analysis together with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is employed to investigate the effects of mergers and acquisitions on the Singapore banking groups’ efficiency. The results suggest that the merger has resulted in a higher Singapore banking groups’ mean overall efficiency. We do not find evidence of more efficient acquirers compared to the targets and that the acquiring banks’ mean overall efficiency tends to improve from the merger with a more efficient bank. The Tobit regression results suggest that bank profitability has positive impact on bank efficiency, whereas poor loan quality has negative influence on bank performance. (JEL: G21, D24) All findings, interpretations, and conclusions are solely those of the authors’ and do not necessarily represent the views of the institutions to which they belong. We would like to thank the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. The remaining errors are of our own.     

A systems approach to policy analysis and development planning: Construction sector in the Turkish 5-year development plans

In this study, we propose a new model for systems analysis ‘of’ policy and systems analysis ‘for’ policy with the example of construction sector in the Turkish 5-year development plans.Our proposed model—integrated development management model (IDMM)—is conceptually based on the principles of systems thinking and integrated management approach.We present and discuss the results of our work in which we extracted all construction-related policies and strategies from eight 5-year development plans and analyzed them using the IDMM. In the light of the analyses, we give several answers to the question: “Why did the development plans fail to meet their targets in Turkey?” We propose that any development plan has to have claritas–unitas–integritas–consonantia between the management levels (normative, strategic, and operational) and components (goals, structures, and behavior) of IDMM.The paper is the first work that brings the concepts of development planning and foresight together. In a complementary stance, the time of integrating foresight and development planning has come.     

Inspiration vs. perspiration in economic development of the Former Soviet Union and China (ca. 1920–2010)

Here, we discuss the role of both perspiration factors (physical and human capital) and inspiration factors (Total Factor Productivity) in the economic development of the Former Soviet Union area (FSU) and China, ca. 1920–2010. Using a newly created dataset, we find that during the Socialist central‐planning period, economic growth in both countries was largely driven by physical capital accumulation. This finding follows logically from the development policies in place at that time. During their transition periods, (i.e., starting from the late 1970s in China and the late 1980s in the FSU), China managed to keep technical inefficiency of production factors in check, largely by massively increasing its human capital, thereby lowering the physical‐to‐human capital ratio. In contrast, the FSU accomplished a similar outcome largely through reducing its stock of physical capital. As a result, although there was little difference in technical efficiency between these two economies, China's emphasis on human capital formation made it easier for this country to improve its general productivity and to increase per capita growth. This changed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the FSU began to recover economically, regaining its 1990 levels of output and productivity.     

我国通货膨胀路径中的结构性变化与非线性调整——基于TV-STAR模型的实证分析

本文使用TV-STAR模型研究发现,我国通货膨胀路径中结构性变化与非线性共存。结构性变化发生在1995年左右,结构性变化前的通货膨胀路径中存在高、低两个均衡点,结构性变化后的通货膨胀路径中存在唯一均衡点,但通货膨胀的持久性较变化前有较大幅度上升。同时发现通货膨胀与通货紧缩的非线性调整具有明显的非对称性,其临界值为4.091。基于广义脉冲响应函数发现,结构性变化后,我国通货膨胀对外来冲击的反应幅度下降,但反应速度上升。另外,正、负向冲击对通货膨胀的影响存在明显的非线性和非对称性。在多数情况下,正向冲击的影响更大,也更持久。在短期内,通货膨胀机制下的冲击影响要明显强于在通货紧缩机制下,但从长期来开,通货紧缩机制下的冲击影响更持久。在结构性变化之后,这种冲击的非对称效应也更明显。     

Energy Consumption,Economic Development and Temperature in China： Evidence from PSTR Model

Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, with an av- erage annual growth rate around 10%. Energy consumption in China has greatly in- creased as well. This paper investigates the relationship between energy consumption, economic development and temperature in China by adopting provincial panel data from 1990 to 2011. Different from existing studies, in this paper, we use a panel smooth transition regression （PSTR） model to estimate the non-linearity relationship. Four different threshold variables including two lagged endogenous variables and two important exogenous variables have been considered. We find that energy intensity and the ratio of gross capital formation are suitable for the non-linearity model. The estimated elasticities of time dynamic indicate that energy consumption is income in- elastic and temperature inelastic. Elasticities of real income at first increase and then decrease, however, elasticities of temperature gradually increase after the year 1993. Last of all, we propose some policy implications.     

Entrepreneurship and economic development in China: evidence from a time-varying parameters stochastic volatility vector autoregressive model

This paper investigates the impact of entrepreneurship on economic development in China for the period 1999–2013 using a time-varying parameters stochastic volatility vector autoregressive model. Our results suggest a positive relation between entrepreneurship and subsequent growth of industrial output and employment. Furthermore, the positive effect of entrepreneurship shock peaks in a lag of 5 quarters on industrial output and in a lag of 10 quarters in employment.     

A systems approach to policy analysis and development planning: Construction sector in the Turkish 5-year development plans

In this study, we propose a new model for systems analysis ‘of’ policy and systems analysis ‘for’ policy with the example of construction sector in the Turkish 5-year development plans.Our proposed model—integrated development management model (IDMM)—is conceptually based on the principles of systems thinking and integrated management approach.We present and discuss the results of our work in which we extracted all construction-related policies and strategies from eight 5-year development plans and analyzed them using the IDMM. In the light of the analyses, we give several answers to the question: “Why did the development plans fail to meet their targets in Turkey?” We propose that any development plan has to have claritas-unitas-integritas-consonantia between the management levels (normative, strategic, and operational) and components (goals, structures, and behavior) of IDMM.The paper is the first work that brings the concepts of development planning and foresight together. In a complementary stance, the time of integrating foresight and development planning has come.     

Human rights protection and foreign direct investment: The case of post‐socialist countries

The main aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of respect for human rights in post‐socialist countries on the volume of foreign direct investment (FDI). The methodology used in the study consists of the two econometric model specifications–GMM spatial panel Durbin error model and panel gravity ordinary least squares model. The main results indicate a positive and significant relationship between respect for human rights and foreign investment. The outcomes of the spatial model suggest the presence of competition and reinforcement effects of particular kinds of human rights on FDI as well as significance of the ‘human rights distance’.     

Bridging the gap between technological possibilities and people:: Involving people in the early phases of technology development

Technology provides endless promising possibilities to support people's lives. In reality, it is not a matter of what is possible, but rather a matter of how and when technology will be integrated, accepted and adopted by people. However, conventionally within organizations the areas of technology development and market research are not closely related nor applied in the process of innovation and do not always share the same scope. In that sense there is a gap between the potential of technology and humankind's preferences.This paper discusses the current areas of technology development and market research in a business environment and proposes an integrated approach to bridge the gap between technology and people, in which people, rather than market sizes become central in the development of technology. In addition, it also describes how this approach of people-driven innovation is brought into practice through the development of early experience demonstrators. The core focus of this paper is on the processes and practices regarding innovation within an organization, rather than the adoption of innovation by users or the rate of the adoption of a marketed solution (Rogers, 1995 [E.M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, The Free Press, New York, 1995. [1]]).