Is Government Regulation of Banks Necessary?

Banks have been involved with and regulated by governments for hundreds of years. Following a brief review of this history, I delineate nine reasons that could justify continued regulation, particularly in the United States. These include deposit insurance, preventing banks from obtaining excessive economic power, reducing the cost of individual bank insolvency, avoiding the effects of bank failures on the economy, protecting the payments system, serving the interests of popularly elected officials, enhancing the Federal Reserve's control over the money supply, suppressing competition, and protecting consumers. Analysis of each leads me to conclude that deposit insurance, which allows banks to hold insufficient capital, is the only public-policy-justifiable rationale for regulation. This concern can be managed with capital requirements; otherwise, banks should only be regulated as are other corporations.     

保险监管失灵及其规避问题

保险市场失灵需要保险监管来弥补,但保险监管也存在失灵的现象。本文首先从理论上对保险监管失灵进行了解释,然后结合我国保险监管的失灵风险,对规避监管失灵的难点进行了分析,并着重讨论了如何在委托人缺位、缺乏直接激励和约束机制的情况下规避监管失灵。     

区域保险市场属地监管问题研究

我国目前对保险主体的行政监管权限划分实行的是以层级监管为主、属地监管为辅的方式。随着保险业的飞速发展,我国保险公司法人机构驻地在全国范围内呈现离散分布趋势。充分发挥属地保监局的作用,强化对法人机构监管的呼声渐高,属地监管提上议事日程。从管理学角度看,属地监管可以降低监管成本与保险公司经营管理成本,提高监管效率,但属地监管也可能导致宏观审慎监管不足、地区执法力度差异导致的监管套利、监管导致企业成本过高、阻碍市场竞争等。我国保险业属地监管已经开始初步探索,在授权与机制建设方面存在需要完善之处。为进一步加强完善属地监管制度,可以分试点论证、部分实施、全面实施三个步骤分步加以推进。     

Regulatory Distortions in a Competitive Financial Services Industry

This paper focusses on the interaction between regulation and competition in a simple industrial organization model. We analyze how regulation affects the profitability of financial institutions. We find that information asymmetries impose a heavy regulatory burden on the higher-quality banks, highlighting the importance of fine-tuning regulation. Our other main results point at the importance of a level playing field.     

The development of a modern financial sector in Sweden

Macro economic development must be supported by a stable and efficient financial system. Excessive and inappropriate regulation of the financial system will restrain its functions and may lead to less than optimal resource allocation. But the transition from a highly regulated system must be carefully planned and orchestrated and several mistakes in this regard were made in the Swedish case, eventually leading to a systemic banking crisis. After the crisis, modern forms of regulation and supervision have been introduced leading to a successful and stable financial sector. Experiences from the Swedish case can be applied to many other financial systems, developed as well as emerging.     

1980—1994年间美国银行危机及其启示

1980-1994年间,美国经历了一次大的银行危机,大批银行在危机中倒闭。总体来看,宏观经济、区域经济和行业经济衰退,监管机构放松监管,银行业自身经营管理的不规范是引发这次银行危机的主因。虽然危机已经过去,但这次银行危机中暴露的问题对我国银行业的发展仍具有启示意义。     

考察美俄保险市场的若干思考

美国是全球最大的保险市场,交易活跃,成熟度高。同时,美国也是此次全球金融危机的发源地,其保险业受到金融海啸的巨大冲击和影响。与此相对的,俄罗斯是全球新兴的保险市场,发展较快但具有鲜明的转轨经济特征,市场机制和监管制度都尚未成型。美俄保险业各具特点,是全球范围内不同发展阶段保险市场的重要代表。在全球金融危机爆发一周年前夕,我们对美俄两国的保险业及保险监管进行了考察,对金融危机造成的影响和两国政府的应对措施进行了分析研究,并在此基础上,结合中国保险市场面临的形势和问题,形成了若干思考和建议。     

美国影子银行发展及监管改革

随着人们对次贷危机认识和反思的深入,影子银行及其监管成为防范金融危机、维护金融稳定的一个重要议题。本文介绍了美国影子银行的产生、发展和特点,分析了影子银行的脆弱性及其在本次危机中的表现,梳理了美国金融监管法案中对影子银行的监管措施及其对我国的启示。     

中国“影子银行”体系的形成机理与监管逻辑

与欧美发达国家“影子银行”体系有着重要区别,中国“影子银行”体系具有特殊的形成机理,是金融抑制制度背景下的博弈产物。目前,中国“影子银行”体系并不具备显著的自身脆弱性,但对传统货币政策调控形成挑战,需要做出富有逻辑性的监管安排。     

Effects of Deposit Insurance Reform on Moral Hazard in US Banking

In cross sections of US banks before the deposit-insurance system was reformed in the early 1990s, bank risk-taking was positively associated with bank size and negatively associated with the value of bank charters and bank capital. These empirical associations have an easy theoretical interpretation. Bank size is positively related, while charter value and capital are negatively related, to the moral hazard associated with flat insurance premiums and other aspects of a laxly administered system. Hence the observed associations of risk-taking with size, charter value, and capital reflected the expected positive relation between moral hazard and risk-taking. We test the hypothesis that the three associations became weaker after reform. In the case of unsystematic risk, we find no evidence of significant changes for any of the three. In the case of systematic risk, we find that risk-taking associated with lower charter values and larger size is indeed significantly weaker after reform. Risk-taking associated with capital ratios is also weaker after reform, though not significantly so. Since systematic risk is undoubtedly the more appropriate measure, reform seems to have reduced moral hazard.     

客观认识存款保险制度

随着我国市场经济体制的建立,对外开放的深入,银行业竞争的格局会愈演愈烈,经营风险日益加剧。因此,建立存款保险制度的问题已被提到议事日程上来,且呼声越来越高。目前,我国是否具备了建立存款保险制度的条件,时机是否成熟,我们应该本着实事求是的态度,客观地认识存款保险制度。     

后危机时代的保险监管创新——基于企业风险管理的视角

效率与稳定一直是保险市场发展的重要目标,而保险企业的风险管理则是保险市场稳定、有效运行的微观基础,因此,监管机构一直关注保险公司的风险管理问题,保险监管的演进历史也验证了这一点。其实,保险监管创新在很大程度上是为了提升保险公司的风险管理水平,而企业风险管理能力的提升也是保险监管创新的重要动力,两者相互促进、相互影响。次贷危机后兴起的新新凯恩斯主义强调宏观监管要基于微观组织的视角,具体到保险监管来说,就是从企业风险管理的视角出发,实现监管思路从传统的偿付能力、公司治理和市场行为三支柱监管向动态偿付能力、风险管理要素及可持续风险新三支柱监管转变。     

保险公司破产的国际经验与借鉴

本文结合国外保险公司破产的具体案例,综合分析了保险公司破产的原因,这些原因既有保险公司内部的原因,也有外部的竞争和经济环境因素,而这些破产的历史教训是预防保险公司破产、及时甄别出有破产风险保险公司的宝贵经验。本文还介绍了英国、美国和日本的保险监管措施,以及RBC、IR IS、FAST、动态财务分析四种偿付能力监管系统。最后总结了国外保险公司破产对我国的启示。     

澳门保险业概况与启示

澳门作为中国的一个特别行政区,一个微型的经济体,其保险活动也有期自身的特点。澳门保险业随经济的发展取得了快速的发展壮大,文章对澳门的保险从业人员和公司、监管体制与活动管制等情况做了全面介绍,进而指出对我国内地保险业的借鉴意义。