个人所得税税率的国际比较及其对中国的启示——以美英两国为样本

20世纪80年代以来,以“降低税率、减少级距”为主要内容的个人所得税税率改革已是大势所趋,中国目前的个人所得税税率未能很好地起到调节收入的作用,我们可以借鉴美英两国个人所得税税率改革过程的经验,结合中国国情,通过对免征额和初始税率、最高边际税率累进数及管理成本等因素的确定,选择有波动的减速累进路线。     

Private returns to education versus education spill-over effects

In this study we test whether education spill-over effects biase private returns to education. We newly investigate for such effects within narrowly defined occupational groups of a given firm using, going thus a step further than earlier studies analysing such effects at employer level or within regions. Using panel data from a Swiss employer-based labour force survey of 1996 we find clear empirical evidence for education spill-over effects on individual wages (2%). This result proved to be robust against an alternative explanation based on imperfect substitution between highly and less educated workers. Consequently, conventionally calculated private returns to education are shown to be biased upwards. This work was undertaken under the TSER program PL980182 for the PuRE project and was supported by the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science. I thank Josef Zweimüller and Rafael Lalive for their valuable suggestions. Any remaining errors are my own.     

基于户籍制度的教育回报差异:对工资歧视的再考察

利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,分析了我国东南部十一个省份就业者基于户籍制度的收入差异。户口类型对于工资的影响可以被不同户口类型人群的教育回报差距所解释。不同户口类型人群间教育回报的差距随着教育年限的下降而显著扩大。这一结果支持了在解释基于户籍制度的工资歧视的合理性方面信息经济学的有关理论。我国城乡间义务教育水平的差距引起了基于户籍制度的教育回报差异,进而导致了基于户籍类型的工资歧视。     

工薪起征点调整对企业影响的经济学分析

随着中国经济快速发展,中国的个人所得税税制已经不能适应实际需要,工薪起征点过低是目前个人所得税存在的主要问题之一,提高工薪起征点的个人所得税改革势在必行。对此提出了工薪起征点的调整方向,并运用经济学方法分析了工薪起征点调整后对企业净利润和分配政策等的影响。     

产业集聚、要素流动与空间工资差异研究--基于中国28省市面板数据的实证研究

从新经济地理学视角出发,以迪克希特-斯蒂格利茨垄断竞争模型为研究的框架基础,按照传统经济学两区域两部门经济的分析思路构建理论模型进行规范分析,并运用面板数据模型进行实证研究,以中国28个省（市、区）面板数据为数据依据,从而得出了影响中国四大区域之间（东、中、西和东北）实际工资水平存在差异的主要因素及其影响程度。     

The College Wage Premium and the Expansion of Higher Education in the UK*

This paper reports estimates of the UK “college premium” for young graduates across successive cohorts from large cross‐section datasets for the UK pooled from 1994 to 2006—a period when the higher education participation rate increased dramatically. The growth in relative labour demand suggests that graduate supply considerably outstripped demand which ought to imply a fall in the premium. We find no significant fall for men and even a large, but insignificant, rise for women. Quantile regression results reveal a fall in the premium only for men in the bottom quartile of the distribution of unobserved skills.     

生态城市发展中的税收政策调整

发展生态城市是建设资源节约型社会,实现经济与社会可持续发展的有效途径。税收是促进生态城市发展的重要经济手段。文章从理论上对生态城市目标下税收政策的作用进行系统阐述,全面分析我国现行环境税收政策存在的问题,提出促进生态城市发展的税收调整对策。     

Distributional Effects of a Wealth Tax under Lifetime‐Dynastic Income Concepts*

Annual wealth tax is back on the policy agenda, but discussion of its effect is not well informed. When standard methodology is used and wealth‐tax burdens are measured against annual individual income, it is found that a large share of the tax burden falls on people with low incomes. In this study, we use rich Norwegian administrative data to discuss the distributional effects of wealth tax under several different income concepts, ultimately measuring income over the lifetime of family dynasties. When measured against lifetime income and lifetime income in dynasties, wealth tax is mostly borne by high‐income taxpayers and is seen as clearly redistributive.     

最低工资提高对企业员工人力资本的影响分析

最低工资对人力资本的影响是其效应的一个重要方面。本文基于博弈论的方法,从企业雇员培训和工人自身人力资本投资两个角度对最低工资提高于企业员工人力资本的影响进行分析,发现最低工资提高会增加中等技术水平工人的入力资本积累,同时可能减少低技能水平工人的人力资本积累。最后,提出相关建议,认为政府应提高对低技能工人的关注度。     

Income Shifting within a Dual Income Tax System: Evidence from the Finnish Tax Reform of 1993*

Dual income tax systems can suffer from income that shifts from progressively taxed labour income to capital income, which is taxed at a lower, flat rate. This paper empirically examines the 1993 Finnish dual income tax reform, which radically reduced the marginal tax rates on capital income for some, but not all, taxpayers. We measure how overall taxable income and the relative shares of capital income and labour income reacted to the reform. We find that the reform led to a small positive impact on overall taxable income, but part of the positive response was probably offset by income shifting among the self‐employed.     

Working time reduction and employment in a finite world*

We study the consequences of a working time reduction (WTR) in a growth model with efficiency wages and an essential natural resource (natural capital), and in which technical progress cannot reduce the resource content of final production to zero. We show that if natural capital is scarce enough, a WTR increases the long-term levels of the hourly wage and employment. A numerical analysis of the transitory impacts of a WTR confirms that when natural capital is scarcer, a WTR increases employment more and the hourly wage less, with a less negative initial impact on output.     

效率与公平兼顾的最优所得税:理论框架及最优税率估计

最优所得税主要探讨税收如何兼顾公平与效率问题,以及给定公平偏好程度下,如何确定最优边际税率水平。即使在崇尚罗尔斯社会福利函数的社会里,政府同时兼顾再分配和财政收入目标的基础上,只要略加考虑税收对劳动供给的效应,哪怕是微弱的考虑和兼顾,最高边际税率都不会达到100%。而且,借鉴斯特恩最优线性所得税模型及美国个人所得税制度,估计我国现行个人所得税最高边际税率还可以适当降低到36%左右。     

个人所得税改革中的马太效应及其矫正

在中国,个人所得税是通过累进的个人所得税调节收入分配,调节高收入者的收入水平,以期缩小贫富差距,逐步实现趋于社会公平的收入分配方式。然而就中国现状来看,它不仅没有起到公平收入分配的调节作用,而且也在一定程度上放大了贫富差距的“马太效应”。因此,中国个人所得税模式改革取向,应是个人所得税的工具能发挥更好的作用。     

Wage determination and returns to education in different ownerships of China: Evidence from quantile regressions

In this paper, quantile regressions is used to estimate wage equations of different ownerships. Quantile regressions give us distributions rather than a single estimate of the returns both to education and experience in each ownership sector. For state-owned enterprises (SOE), the returns to education tended to be larger at the bottom of the conditional distribution of wages in 1991 and 1993, and there was no such trend in 1997. For the private sector, however, the returns to education tended to be larger at the top positions in 1993 and 1997. It is also found that the growth rates of the wages at the bottom of the conditional distribution of wages are higher than those at the top in SOEs. No such patterns for the private sector is found. It is suggested the wage mechanism in the private sector is more market-oriented. __________ Translated from Shijie Jingji Wenhui 世界经济文汇 (World Economic Papers), 2006, (4): 1–26     

社会资本、人力资本与农民工工作搜寻和保留工资

对社会资本和人力资本与农民工工作搜寻和保留工资的关系作了理论分析,提出了实证研究的相关变量和理论假设。经对调查数据的相关分析,证明了社会资本和人力资本对农民工工作搜寻和保留工资的作用。对研究结果的意义进行了讨论。     

The (International) Political Economy of Falling Wage Shares: Situating Working-Class Agency

This paper relates the financial and monetary dimensions of the contemporary economic crisis to working-class agency via a central concern of classical political economy: the distribution of surplus between the chief factors of production. The fall in the wage share of value added is now accepted as a stylised fact in the empirical economic literature. This paper argues that the punctuated pattern of the development validates the regulation theoretical narrative of an epochal shift from Fordism to finance-led accumulation. Furthermore, synthesising econometric studies supports a class-centred explanation. In the last instance, the falling wage share is due to successful transnational class rule in the form of a neoliberal hegemonic paradigm. Crucially, such class rule restructured the environment of trade unions, rendering increasingly ineffective its relational power resources. The paper concludes by considering the contradictory implications for organised labour of the current financial crisis. On the one hand, the financial crisis offers an opportunity to link its particular interests to the general interest of macroeconomic management since low wage share inhibits growth rates. But how might trade unions assert a higher wage share in the face of the structural power of (financial) capital?     

Wages distribution in Poland: The roles of privatization and international trade, 1992-96

This paper reports an investigation into the changes in the wage distribution in Poland in the first half of the 1990s. We concentrate on the effects of privatization and international trade. We show that the tendency towards increased dispersion in wages halted between 1992 and 1996, despite a rapid expansion in private-sector work. We also show that, during the same period, private-sector workers typically earned less than their state-sector counterparts on an hourly basis, and this gap widened. However, if one controls for experience, tenure and size of workplace, then there existed a small positive private-sector premium. On the effects of international trade, we find suggestive circumstantial evidence that the increase in trade with Western Europe raised wages and employment in manufacturing.     

政府阶段性政策偏好对税收公平的影响

我国政府在改革开放之初与社会主义市场经济秩序基本建立的两个不同发展阶段,选择了不同的企业所得税政策偏好,通过企业身份设计、税率和优惠措施安排,在促进经济发展同时,对税收公平也产生了程度不一的侵蚀。但政府阶段性政策偏好对税收公平的侵蚀并不具有当然的合理性,在企业所得税法中必须做出精当的制度设计,尽可能减轻或减缓政策偏好对税收公平的侵蚀。