University–industry linkages and absorptive capacity: an empirical analysis of China's manufacturing industry

We analyze the contribution of universities to innovative performance in China's manufacturing sector. Our empirical analysis is based on a matched data set comprising about 20,000 large- and medium-sized companies aggregated at the three-digit industry level and information on university knowledge output for 31 provinces between 1998 and 2004. We show that universities’ impact on commercial innovation varies with the type of activity performed and is contingent on the manufacturing sector's investment in absorptive capacity. In addition, our results confirm organizational theory stating that there is a complementary relationship between capabilities to acquire and assimilate external knowledge on the one hand and the capacity to transform and exploit this knowledge on the other.     

外商直接投资行业间技水溢出效应实证分析

文章选取1999~2003年的行业层面板数据,考察了FDI对中国工业部门内资企业生产率的影响。在考虑了多重共线性问题并控制住不可观测的时间效应和行业效应之后,研究结果显示,FDI产生了显著的行业内溢出和前向联系溢出,但后向联系溢出为负。此外,对技术差距最优区间的分析表明,当内资企业生产率为相应外资企业生产率的30％～70％时,前向联系溢出能实现最大化。     

外商直接投资行业间技术溢出效应实证分析

文章选取1999~2003年的行业层面板数据,考察了FDI对中国工业部门内资企业生产率的影响。在考虑了多重共线性问题并控制住不可观测的时间效应和行业效应之后,研究结果显示,FDI产生了显著的行业内溢出和前向联系溢出,但后向联系溢出为负。此外,对技术差距最优区间的分析表明,当内资企业生产率为相应外资企业生产率的30%~70%时,前向联系溢出能实现最大化。     

Spillovers from foreign direct investment: Within or between industries?

This paper contributes an estimation framework to measure both technological and linkage externalities from foreign direct investment (FDI). Empirical research dealt mainly with intra-industry spillovers from FDI with restrictive treatment of inter-industry effects until recently. However, as optimal organization of the multinational corporation (MNC) involves minimization of profit losses due to leakage of technical information to competitors, host-country firms within the MNC's sector experience limited productivity gains ensuing FDI. Host-country producers in other sectors may benefit. For example, MNCs transfer knowledge to local downstream clients, or outsource to local upstream suppliers. Hence, FDI substitutes within-sector domestic investment but complements it across sectors. The net impact on aggregate capital formation by host-country producers hinges on the interaction between linkages and spillovers. Estimations based on the Colombian Manufacturing Census yield the sectoral pattern of FDI spillovers displaying knowledge propagation between but not within industries. The findings reveal outsourcing relationships of MNCs with local upstream suppliers as the channel of diffusion.     

Catching up of emerging economies: the role of capital goods imports,FDI inflows,domestic investment and absorptive capacity

We show that the impact of capital goods imports and FDI inflows on economic convergence depends on the local capacity of emerging economies to absorb superior technologies.     

FDI技术溢出对能源效率影响的区域差异分析——基于吸收能力的视角

基于经济增长理论和FDI溢出理论,考虑吸收能力和能源效率的空间相关性,运用空间计量模型,构建了FDI技术溢出对能源效率影响的分析框架。运用1995—2012年中国30个省级单元的面板数据,比较分析了基于吸收能力的FDI技术溢出对能源效率的影响及其地区差异。研究发现:FDI技术溢出对能源效率的影响在全国范围内呈显著的空间差异性,且各地区对FDI技术溢出的吸收存在一定的滞后性,即不能充分地吸收国际先进生产技术来提升能源效率。建议中国各区域实施差异化的引资战略、注重提高技术吸收能力,以增大FDI对能源效率的正向溢出效果。     

国际资本引入对商业银行效率影响的实证研究

引入国际战略投资者是国内商业银行提高自身竞争力的有效途径之一。本文首先对引入国际资本后可能产生的各项效应进行分析,继而运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法对引入国际战略投资者前后各商业银行的效率进行了测度,说明其变化情况;并以可能造成效率变化的因素为自变量,银行效率为因变量建立线形回归模型,发现资本充足率高低对银行效率并无直接影响,但产权结构与银行效率显著相关。最后给出相关政策建议。     

中国企业对发达国家FDI的逆向知识转移

知识是竞争优势的来源。在近几年快速增长的中国企业对发达国家的FDI中,创造性资产寻求被公认为是重要的驱动力量。然而,创造性资产寻求目标的实现关键在于子公司向母公司的逆向知识转移,但现有文献尚未关注像中国这样的发展中国家的跨国逆向知识转移。本文首先建立了逆向知识转移的分析模型,并剖析了中国企业FDI逆向知识转移存在的先天劣势。在此基础上,提出了中国企业克服知识转移劣势的解决思路,并以联想为案例进行了实证。     

R&D spillover effects on firms’ export behavior: evidence from South Korea

This paper investigates the spillover effects of R&D investments made by foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) and domestic firms on their export activities, using a manufacturing firm-level panel dataset from South Korea. The theoretical framework predicts two conflicting spillover effects: positive technology spillovers and negative market rivalry spillovers. Thus, the net spillover effect is determined by the relative degree of the two conflicting spillovers. The empirical results show that negative intra-industry spillovers exist from the R&D of foreign MNEs on the export performance of firms, which implies that, in general, negative market rivalry spillovers dominate positive technology spillovers. However, notably, in the case of firms equipped with absorptive capacity, the negative spillovers can be alleviated; firms can gain positive spillovers by muting negative ones. Firms without absorptive capacity cannot avoid such negative effects. This paper shows that absorptive capacity is vital in capturing positive spillovers as firms build competency by accumulating their own know-how and improving their ability to capture better external technologies.     

Which skills contribute most to absorptive capacity,innovation and productivity performance? Evidence from the US and Western Europe

ABSTRACT

Skills are widely recognised as central to absorptive capacity, that is, firms’ ability to identify and make effective use of knowledge, ideas and technologies that are generated elsewhere. But identification of the specific levels of education and skills that contribute most to the development of absorptive capacity is often hampered by the use of skill measures as proxies for absorptive capacity itself. Drawing on a cross-country industry-level dataset, we retain separate measures of key components of absorptive capacity, namely, skills, R&D investments and openness to foreign trade and investment. We then estimate a system of structural equations in order to evaluate the extent to which different levels of skill contribute to innovative output (measured by growth in patenting) and subsequently to growth in productivity. We find important roles for both high-level skills and upper intermediate (technician-level) skills in converting the knowledge sourcing opportunities provided by openness into innovative output. In final stages of production (making use of innovative output), productivity growth in countries near to the technological frontier is enhanced not just by high-level and upper intermediate skills but also by the skills of the workforce as a whole.     

产品生命周期中企业组织结构的选择——基于技术环境中吸收能力的匹配

在产品生命周期的不同阶段,外部技术环境从吸收能力的效率性、范围性和灵活性上对企业提出了不同的要求;而组织结构的不同必然带来企业在吸收能力上优势的不同。试图从技术环境与吸收能力匹配的角度对产品生命周期不同阶段的企业组织结构的选择作一定的探索。     

吸收能力视角下网络特征与技术创新间关系实证研究综述

基于吸收能力的视角,对实证研究网络特征与技术创新间关系的14篇文献进行分类综述,从研究的时间、对象、数据、变量、方法、结论等方面分析和讨论其共同点、差异以及不足之处。最后针对性地提出进一步的研究方向。     

吸收能力构念维度划分及测量的实证研究

基于251家企业样本的实证研究表明,将吸收能力划分为探索性学习、转化性学习、挖掘性学习三个维度具有较高的构念效度,并建议后续研究延续并采纳此构念,最后提出未来研究应重点考察吸收能力的动态性及与其相对应的解吸能力。     

东道国利用外资的博弈均衡分析

运用现代经济学理论和方法,针对东道国与外资间的利益博弈,试图构造满足投资需求的博弈分析理论架构。基于抽象的假设条件,通过东道国与外资之间的完全信息静态博弈分析论证了东道国利用外资最佳点的存在,并结合均衡分析,针对我国外资优惠政策的调整提出一些建议,以期合理定位我国的外资优惠政策。     

Technology transfers,foreign investment and productivity spillovers

This paper explores the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the productivity of host country domestic firms. We rely on a specially designed survey of over 4000 manufacturing firms in Vietnam, and separate out productivity gains along the supply chain (obtained through direct transfers of knowledge/technology between linked firms) from productivity effects through indirect FDI spillovers. In addition to identifying indirect vertical productivity spillovers from FDI, our results show that there are productivity gains associated with direct linkages between foreign-owned and domestic firms along the supply chain not captured by commonly used measures of spillovers. This includes evidence of productivity gains through forward linkages for domestic firms which receive inputs from foreign-owned firms.