From past to present: The historical context of environmental and coastal management in Tanzania

This article explores how the history of environmental management in Tanzania has created barriers to and bridges for sustainable environmental management at present. It contributes to an understanding of historical events that have shaped decision-making structures, management practices and social capital as they relate to the objectives of environmental management. What environmental management means for Tanzania has evolved significantly, but it is argued that certain key features, such as the combination of a strong deliberative tradition among peers, and a highly hierarchical decision-making structure between central and local governments, have been sustained over time. These findings were generated from interviews with Tanzanian environmental managers, as well as a survey of contextual barriers to and bridges for environmental management completed by coastal resource managers in early 2000.     

以社会管理创新推进收入分配改革

货币收入与更重要的非货币收入构成的“社会收入”具有社会性本质特征.市场竞争是收入差距产生的原因,不能成为缩小这个差距的动因.实现共同富裕作为改革目标,不能指望资本让步也不能完全依赖政府,追求公平分配的社会公民是根本动力.收入的社会性、目标和力量的社会性,是收入分配改革依靠社会管理创新的接入口.优化抗衡物质资本的社会资本,构建运用社会资本的公民社会,推进公权力制定改变收入分配格局的公共政策,是社会管理创新的功能.源自社会底层的诱致性收入分配改革的制度变迁,依赖于社会管理创新.其实,改革就是创新.     

The effects of communal land resource management on forest conservation in northern and north-eastern Namibia

The area under natural forests has diminished steadily while deforestation has escalated progressively in the past 10 years. Strategic constraints leading to this ever-increasing rate of forest depletion are examined, and relevant policy interventions for overturning them are suggested. Communal ownership and management of natural resources in the northern and north-eastern Namibia are identified as a major underlying constraint on natural resource conservation because the communal system lacks mechanisms for regulating access. Nonetheless, the study acknowledges the optimistic views on communal use and management in other parts of the world. The assumptions about community, the willingness of its members to realise joint environmental or social goals, and their motivation and skills for natural resource management have been challenged. The perception that communities are custodial and non-materialistic in their attitudes to natural resources is rejected. It is concluded that common resources should be brought under more formal management. There should be a state-community/private partnership, with the state performing an advisory function, and implementation at the highest level through the use of state institutions for law enforcement, while the community or the private interest undertakes day-to-day management and law enforcement activities. Maintaining state ownership of natural resources in communal areas and inviting local people to manage them on their own, or mainly on government terms, is not a solution to natural resource degradation.     

中国的反倾销现状与对策

激烈的市场竞争 ,使得现代企业面临极大的生存困境 ,解决此问题的方法就是创新。创新来源于知识 ,为了实现持续的创新 ,必须进行有效的知识管理。进行知识管理 ,应进行合理的分工 ,才能加强各专业知识的积累 ,以利于人力资源的开发与利用。但过细的分工会人为地隔离各专业知识     

Can Social Capital Reduce Poverty? A Study of Rural Households in Eastern Bhutan

This study examines the impact of social capital on the poverty of rural households in eastern Bhutan, with a particular focus on households' participation in community groups, which can be a proxy for the structural aspect of social capital. Using a two‐stage probit least squares simultaneous equation model, the present study reveals that social capital positively contributes to poverty reduction in Bhutan. This study also finds that non‐farm income is important for poverty reduction in rural areas. Our results, however, indicate that poor households in remote areas are discouraged from participating in community groups.     

Environmental Entitlements: Dynamics and Institutions in Community-Based Natural Resource Management

While community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) now attracts widespread international attention, its practical implementation frequently falls short of expectations. This paper contributes to emerging critiques by focusing on the implications of intracommunity dynamics and ecological heterogeneity. It builds a conceptual framework highlighting the central role of institutions — regularized patterns of behavior between individuals and groups in society — in mediating environment-society relationships. Grounded in an extended form of entitlements analysis, the framework explores how differently positioned social actors command environmental goods and services that are instrumental to their well-being. Further insights are drawn from analyses of social difference; “new”, dynamic ecology; new institutional economics; structuration theory, and landscape history. The theoretical argument is illustrated with case material from India, South Africa and Ghana.     

网络社交场景中金融活动的风险治理

网络社交金融沿着社会分工带来的职能资本裂变而不断发展,为社会成员实现自身需求提供了更广阔的选择空间和判断标准,对社会生产方式和生产关系调整产生了重要影响。网络社交金融的发展特性,与网络社交成员的关系协调、社群权利规则的生成环境和演进机制一起,对金融运行和风险管理产生作用。网络社交场景中金融交易的金融本质尚未发生变化,也未创设出新的金融功能,但网络社交金融活动场景的多样性和跨界融合,以及社交关系的复杂蕴含着金融风险。以生产方式和生产关系调整为中心的探讨,可以丰富网络社交金融的内涵与外延,为网络社交金融风险治理提供适配国情的政策启示。     

我国高新技术企业核心竞争力形成机理研究——基于社会资本的视角

培育和提升企业核心竞争力是知识经济背景下企业发展的关键。为了进一步明晰高新技术企业竞争能力的网络特性,文章选择从企业社会资本理论入手,将高新技术企业看作是一系列在社会部门和企业内部之间存在的潜在关系集合,结合高新技术企业竞争力中的知识积累、知识转化、技术创新和知识管理过程,从新制度经济学角度分析了高新技术企业社会资本培育、提升核心竞争能力的内在机理,从而深化人们对企业核心竞争力形成路径的认识。     

New Labour and Community Protests: the Case of the Govanhill Swimming Pool Campaign, Glasgow

Taking the case study of a community based protest against the closure of a swimming pool in Glasgow, this paper seeks to raise important critical questions about some of the key ideas informing New Labour's urban policy agenda: social capital and active community. It argues that normative notions of active citizenship seriously conflict with bottom-up community protests, highlighting in the process issues of power and inequality. Against claims that New Labour is promoting government through community, here we claim that in the context of this community protest, there was government against community.     

从淄博市的实践看国有资产经营责任制

本文在对淄博市推行资产经营责任制的一些成功做法进行调查的基础上 ,认为在目前尚不能完全进行国有资产授权经营的条件下 ,资产经营责任制无疑是一种既能明确资产所有者与经营者的权责关系、落实企业法定代表人对企业全部法人财产和净资产承担保值增值责任 ,又能实现政企分开     

应用经济资本强化我国商业银行的风险管理

经济资本是国际先进银行正在使用的一种信用风险管理的方法,我国国有商业银行在近期也开始在风险管理体制的变革过程中引入这一方法。本文就是通过对经济资本概念的理解,对经济资本作用的阐述,进而说明经济资本的引入对于我国现阶段商业银行风险管理改革的促进作用。     

The political economy of gambling in a neocolonial economy

Conclusion This study has attempted to show the entrenched character of parasitic capitalism in the form of gambling in the Jamaican economy on a scale that massively but painlessly redistributes income from the working class to the petite bourgeoisie. It speaks to a dimension of class exploitation that is often ignored in the focus on large multinational corporations and has parallels in the parasitic forms of capitalism that exploit the black community in the United States. Parasitic capitalism is seen as promoting a form of false class consciousness that seeks outlets to class frustrations in precapitalist illusions of luck and chance that feed the coffers of the grasping petite bourgeoisie with hard-earned working class wage incomes. The data and findings point clearly to the need to either eliminate parasitic capitalist activities such as gambling or alternatively remove it from the control of the petite bourgeoisie and convert the capital accumulated to community and mass-oriented development and social projects.     

民营企业成长中的人力资源开发研究——一种企业社会资本的视角

民营企业在高速成长中出现一系列人力资源开发问题。本文运用社会资本理论,把民营企业看作一个组织共同体,从网络、规范、信任三方面探究其成长中的人力资源开发问题。并提出相应对策,在加大人力资本投资的同时,不断积累和更新社会资本,由传统的关系性社会资本向现代契约性社会资本转变。这样才能实现提高人的才能、增强人的积极性的企业人力资源开发的双重目标。     

The Relation between Strategy,CEO Selection,and Firm Performance

We examine whether a firm's strategic priorities influence its selection of a new CEO and what conditions enable such an appointment to add value to the firm. More specifically, this study investigates the value‐adding effect when prospector firms (i.e., those pursuing a prospector‐type strategy) select a CEO with high social capital. We argue that uncertainty, driven by a firm's strategy, will determine the decision to select a CEO with high social capital; such CEOs can use their networks to mitigate the uncertainty and thus can be valuable to the firm. However, prior research indicates that CEOs with high social capital can engage in behavior detrimental to firm value. To mitigate the potential for this to occur, we assess whether corporate governance can play a role in prospector firms who appoint CEOs with high social capital. Drawing on archival data of CEO successions over a 14‐year period, we find that prospector firms have greater incentives to appoint CEOs with high social capital. We also find that prospector firms who appoint a CEO with high social capital improve their performance. Furthermore, the value‐adding effect of this selection choice is stronger in prospector firms with good corporate governance.     

社会资本视角下的社区发展

社会资本存在于社会结构中,它为结构内的行动者提供便利的资源,包括规范、信任和网络形式,而社区发展离不开有效的社会规范、信任和社会网络,社会资本对社区发展具有重要的意义,目前社区中的社会资本严重缺失,因此,要实现社区发展,建设和谐社区,必须在社区中恢复和重建社会资本。     

政府投资项目管理存在的问题及防范对策的思考

改革开放后,我国对传统的政府投资项目管理体制进行过一系列改革,使政府投资项目的管理逐步规范化,但仍暴露出许多不容忽视的问题,如:投资决策机制不完善,部分项目未进行全面、科学的可行性研究,以致造成投资失误;项目管理机构分散、重复设置,以致造成人力、物力和财力的极大浪费;相关部门监管不力,以致造成投资失控及腐败现象的发生等。为了保证政府投资项目优质高效地运行,首先,必须大力开展政府投资项目管理体制的改革,加强相关法律、法规的建设,特别是问责制度的建立,使政府投资项目管理做到有法可依;其次,相关部门应通力合作,进一步加强对政府投资项目的监管力度,使政府投资项目更好地发挥对社会经济的基础性、带动性、引导性和调节性作用。     

营运资本政策的稳健性是否会受大股东社会资本的影响

文章基于“关系是形成社会资本的基础”这一思想,研究了我国 A 股上市公司大股东社会资本对公司营运资本政策稳健性的影响。实证研究发现,大股东社会资本数量与营运资本稳健性显著正相关,大股东社会资本对公司营运资本政策的稳健程度具有积极的正向影响;进而,不同关系强度的股东社会资本的治理效应不尽相同,强关系型社会资本较弱关系型社会资本更能促进利益协同效应的发挥。文章研究证实,大股东社会资本作为“隐形权力”的存在影响了“显性”的股权比例对营运资本政策的影响。     

创新驱动发展时期人力资源管理岗位胜任力研究

随着我国资源环境约束日益强化和互联网经济的强势发力,经济发展进入创新驱动发展的新时期,人力资源的作用更加凸显。当前,人力资源管理已进入了“量化”和“质化”并重的新时代,对人力资源管理人员也提出了新的挑战。从岗位胜任力视角,研究创新驱动发展时期的人力资源管理岗位胜任力,优化人力资源管理岗位胜任力模型,对于组织选拔符合实施创新驱动发展战略时期要求的人才以及高校培养符合社会需求的合格人力资源管理人才具有重要的现实意义。     

论政府在社会资本培育中的作用

20世纪90年代以来，社会资本逐渐成为许多学科关注的热门概念和分析范式。社会学、经济学、政治学、管理学的许多专家学者纷纷用社会资本的概念来解释社会政治经济现象，从而把社会资本提升到与物质资本和人力资本同等重要的位置。文章在对社会资本已有的研究成果进行综合论述的基础上，分析社会资本产生、来源及其积累，并探讨政府在社会资本培育中的作用。     

Exploring social capital of emerging farmers from Eksteenskuil,South Africa

The objective of this paper was to quantify the levels of social capital of emerging raisin producers from Eksteenskuil, and to explore the relationship between the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and their social capital levels. The respondents prove to have high levels of social capital. Interestingly, they tend to trust and get along with each other more than they actively participate in organised group activities in the community. Their social capital thus can be said to be more cognitive than structural. Higher levels of social capital were also found to be associated with higher age, experience and education levels of the respondents. Ultimately it was concluded that the complexity of social capital makes it difficult to implement initiatives that will contribute to developing the social capital levels of these farmers. Efforts to stimulate collective action and farmer-to-farmer skills transfer should take cognisance of the role of social dynamics in the behaviour of emerging farmers.