Measuring lying aversion

We introduce a new method for measuring the decision to lie in experiments. In the game, the decision to lie increases own payment independent of the counterpart's decision, but potentially at a cost for the counterpart. We identify at the individual level the decision to lie, and measure how individuals react to different incentives to lie. Furthermore we investigate how lying behavior changes over time. Our method allows us to classify people into types, including those who never lie, those who always lie, and those who react to incentives to lie. We suggest this method as a useful instrument for examining factors that influence the decision to lie.     

共享经济现象背后的四维伦理反思及启示

作为全球经济发展热点的共享经济引发了人们的广泛关注。共享经济以移动互联网平台为依托,基于协同分享的价值理念,促使人们形成一种适度消费、理性消费与个性化消费的新观念,已成为当今创新经济主流。共享经济现象背后蕴含着丰富的伦理,从其内在本质看,主要涉及4重伦理维度：消费伦理、信任伦理、隐私伦理以及社交伦理。从伦理维度重新审视和反思共享经济发展样态,不仅可以更深刻地把握其本质,而且有助于国家从立法、技术投入、资金投入以及观念变革等方面采取积极措施,进一步促进共享经济持续、健康发展。     

Would I lie to you? On social preferences and lying aversion

This paper reinterprets the evidence on lying or deception presented in Gneezy (Am. Econ. Rev. 95(1):384–394, 2005). We show that Gneezy’s data are consistent with the simple hypothesis that people are one of two kinds: either a person will never lie, or a person will lie whenever she prefers the outcome obtained by lying over the outcome obtained by telling the truth. This implies that so long as lying induces a preferred outcome over truth-telling, a person’s decision of whether to lie may be completely insensitive to other changes in the induced outcomes, such as exactly how much she monetarily gains relative to how much she hurts an anonymous partner. We run new but broadly similar experiments to those of Gneezy in order to test this hypothesis. While we also confirm that there is an aversion to lying in our subject population, our data cannot reject the simple hypothesis described above either.

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Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.      

经济与伦理结合的镜像:经济的伦理与伦理的经济

伦理不能脱离经济而存在,经济也不能离开伦理而独立发展.利益是经济与伦理结合的中介,经济的伦理和伦理的经济是经济与伦理结合的现实镜像.经济与伦理的互动和融合,需要经济学与伦理学的交流和合作.     

Corruption in public service delivery: An experimental analysis

To improve our understanding of corruption in service delivery, we use a newly designed game that allows us to investigate the effects of the institutional environment on the behavior of service providers and their monitors. We focus on the effect of four different factors: whether monitors are accountable to the service recipients, the degree of observability of service providers’ effort, the providers’ wages and the providers’ professional norms. In accordance with theory, we find that service providers perform better when monitors are elected by service recipients and when their effort is more easily observed. However, there is only weak evidence that service providers perform better when paid more. Monitors are more vigilant when elected and when service providers are paid more. Playing the game with Ethiopian nursing students, we also find that those with greater exposure to the Ethiopian public health sector perform less well, either as provider or as monitor, when the experiment is framed as a public health provision scenario, suggesting that experience and norms affect behavior.     

环境伦理对人与自然协调发展的影响

本文结合相关研究,综合地探讨和剖析了可持续发展与环境伦理及其之间的内在关系。首先概括了可持续发展的产生脉络,其次指出了环境伦理的建构是可持续发展得以全面实现的强大保障,最后提出了二者的关系模式。     

MBK3绩效管理系统

通过构建有效的绩效管理系统,企业能够提高管理水平,从而使自己获得竞争优势。本文利用目标管理法、平衡记分卡、关键绩效指标以及360度考评等绩效管理的理念和方法构造出一种适合于我国企业的综合型绩效管理系统——MBK3进而介绍如何在企业内建立这个系统。     

z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments

z-Tree (Zurich Toolbox for Ready-made Economic Experiments) is a software for developing and conducting economic experiments. The software is stable and allows programming almost any kind of experiments in a short time. In this article, I present the guiding principles behind the software design, its features, and its limitations. JEL Classification C92     

政策不确定性如何影响企业绩效——一项基于Meta分析的检验

企业发展与宏观政策环境密不可分,关于政策不确定性与企业绩效的关系仍有诸多未解之惑。根据企业绩效的具体内容将其细分为企业经营绩效、创新绩效以及投资绩效,采用Meta分析方法,揭示政策不确定性对企业绩效3个方面的不同影响,并分析二者关系的调节因素。结果发现：政策不确定性能够抑制企业经营绩效和投资绩效,但能够显著提升企业创新绩效。由于存在企业性质、企业规模、市场化程度和政治关联等调节因素差异,导致政策不确定性与企业绩效关系研究存在分歧。结论能够为政策不确定性环境下企业创新发展战略实施提供借鉴,并为地方政府官员更替、公共政策制定等提供参考。     

An experimental evaluation of tax-reporting schedules: a case of evidence-based tax administration

In an experiment in collaboration with the Australian Taxation Office (ATO), rental property schedules (RPS) were sent to taxpayers for them to itemize their deductions and return the RPS to the ATO. The intervention significantly reduced deductions compared to taxpayers who did not have to return the RPS, taxpayers who received only an information letter, and a no-contact control group—regardless of a cooperative versus deterring letter tone and first-time versus second-time participation of taxpayers. The study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the effects of tax-reporting schedules and highlights the importance of systematic experimental fieldwork in evaluating regulatory strategies.     

中国内地31省市文化产业创新绩效区域比较

基于文化产业创新全过程,建立了包含条件绩效、过程绩效和产出绩效3个一级指标和13个二级指标的文化产业创新综合绩效评价框架,并运用序关系分析法确定多层指标权重,分别测度比较了中国内地31个省市（港澳台除外,下同）文化产业创新的条件绩效、过程绩效、产出绩效和综合绩效。研究发现,中国内地部分省市4类绩效均较高,有着良好的发展空间;一些省市虽然综合绩效表现差强人意,但过程绩效或条件绩效比较突出,已具备了较好的累积条件;有些省市则所有绩效均较低,需先行建设基础条件,加强中间产出。但无论对于哪类省市,从产业创新全过程审视文化产业发展问题,全面关注各个阶段的产出表现,对于文化产业的持续、创新发展均具有重要意义。     

绩效预算改革的战略步骤设想与路径选择

绩效评价在预算改革中具有重要作用：可增强政府的责任心,改善政府与公众的关系;同时也有助于提高财政资金使用效率。探讨我国绩效预算改革战略步骤,强调在预算改革中引入绩效评价必要性,并探讨绩效改革的路径,是当前学术界和业内人士的一项重要职责。     

"道义论"抑或"功利论":生态伦理学的根据

道义论和功利论是西方近代以来伦理学思想的两条主线,它们有着不同的道德理念、道德标准、道德追求和伦理精神。在生态伦理学理论的诠释中,仍可看到道义论和功利论的思想痕迹以及它们之间的理论冲突与融合在当代的延续。如何超越道义论与功利论的对立是当代生态伦理学的重要课题。     

Taking the initiative. What characterizes leaders?

Taking the initiative is a crucial element of leadership and an important asset for many jobs. We assess this element of leadership in a game in which it emerges spontaneously since people have a non-obvious possibility to take the initiative. We can show that leadership in this game correlates with real life activities associated with taking the initiative. Combining this game with other experimental games and with questionnaires, we investigate the personality characteristics that entail leadership. We find efficiency concerns and generosity to be important determinants of leadership. Leaders have an internal locus of control and are more patient than non-leaders, but they are not different from the non-leaders with respect to risk attitude. Response time patterns and the results from the cognitive reflection test show that cognitive resources are relevant in the decision to lead.     

Decentralized matching and social segregation

Social segregation is a ubiquitous feature of human life. People segregate along the lines of income, religion, ethnicity, language, and other characteristics. This study provides the first experimental examination of decentralized matching with search frictions and institutionalized segregation. The findings indicate that, without a segregation institution, high types over-segregate relative to the equilibrium prediction. We observe segregation attempts even when equilibrium suggests that everyone should accept everyone else. In the presence of a segregation institution, we find that, while the symmetric segregation institution increases matching success rate and efficiency in one environment, it has weak or no effect in a steep-incentive environment. By adding an entry cost to a flat-incentive market, however, the asymmetric segregation institution leads to an increased matching success rate and efficiency in both environments, which underscores the importance of a coordination device.     

Securitization,Social Distance,and Financial Crises

Because the process of securitizing home mortgages played a critical role in precipitating the recent financial crisis, it is widely agreed that this market must be reformed to prevent future collapses. Most proposals focus on improving the dissemination of information among securitization participants, and on strengthening incentives to discourage excessive risk-taking. This paper argues that because securitization involves the commodification of the lending relationship, it reinforces the type of self-interested behavior that often undermines regulatory efforts. What are needed are structural reforms that encourage moral behavior by narrowing the social distance between lenders and borrowers. This can be accomplished by a return to traditional banking lending, supplemented by the use of covered bonds to loosen credit constraints and to help financial intermediaries manage market risk.