服务劳动创造价值辨析

服务劳动是否创造价值是当代马克思劳动价值论需要研究的新课题。马克思分别从生产劳动一般、商品生产、剩余价值生产和创造等角度对生产劳动展开了分析和阐述。该文认为,那种以是否直接从事物质产品的生产、是否为资本带来利润作为标准来判定服务劳动是否创造价值的论断是片面的,只有从价值创造的角度出发,用是否提供符合社会需要的使用价值并通过交换实现其价值作为标准,才能判断服务劳动是否是创造价值的"生产性"劳动。     

马克思生产劳动理论与第三产业是否创造价值问题浅议

马克思的生产劳动和非生产劳动的理论是在批判地继承资产阶级古典政治经济学的基础上发展的，他分别从劳动过程一般的角度；从商品生产的角度以及资本生产的角度对生产劳动作出了专门分析和阐述。马克思在论述第三产业是否创造价值的问题时，将第三产业中的服务分为两种，即可以物化的服务劳动和纯粹的服务劳动，并肯定这些服务都是生产商品，有使用价值和交换价值     

从马克思的生产劳动理论看社会主义生产劳动的本质

生产劳动理论是马克思剩余价值学说的重要内容,马克思把劳动划分为生产劳动和非生产劳动,强调并不是所有的劳动都创造价值,只有生产劳动才真正创造财富。马克思对生产劳动问题的考察主要是从以下几方面着手的:从简单劳动过程出发考察了生产劳动问题;从价值增值过程考察了生产劳动问题;从资本主义生产过程是劳动过程和价值增值过程统一的角度考察了生产劳动问题;从资本主义生产关系的角度考察了生产劳动问题。其中的基本原理对我们正确认识社会主义生产劳动的本质具有重要的启示:首先,社会主义制度下的生产劳动必须是生产物质资料的劳动;其次,社会主义的生产劳动必须是生产使用价值的有用劳动;再次,社会主义生产劳动的本质仍然是创造财富;最后,社会主义生产劳动是社会主义生产关系的反映。     

对马克思生产性劳动理论的新思考

在社会主义市场经济条件下,判断社会主义生产性劳动和非生产性劳动的标准就是"是否为社会创造新价值,是否能够使资本增值",能够为社会创造新价值,能够使资本增值的劳动就是生产劳动,反之,就是非生产劳动。     

对生产劳动范畴的再认识

坚持马克思主义劳动价值论,必须坚持只有活劳动才是形成新价值的惟一源泉,物化劳动不会创造新价值,这是马克思主义劳动价值论与非马克思主义劳动价值论的根本区别。但是,在坚持马克思主义劳动价值论的同时,还必须结合变化了的实际发展马克思主义劳动价值论,只有这样才会使它永褒青春和活力。一、从经典意义上看,生产物质产品的生产劳动的概念的外延应进一步扩大马克思在《资本论》中,对生产劳动和非生产劳动的研究和认识做了经典性的概括。马克思是从两个角度来考察生产劳动的。首先是从一般生产劳动的角度考察,只有生产产品的劳动才是生产…     

马克思劳动价值理论的现代阐释

要深化对劳动价值理论的认识,首先必须机科学地理解这一理论,科学理解应该从劳动价值理论发展的历史过程来解释,以整个价值理论为背景来理解,从方法论层次上来理解,从准确把握一些概念及其关系上来理解,从我国当前经济发展的现实需要来看,在科学理解的基础上还要对非物质生产领域的劳动是否创造价值,物化劳动是否创造价值,自然资源是否有价值,知识能否创造价值等问题进行合理的阐释,在科学理解与正确解释的前提下,正确看待马克思的劳动价值理论,明确当前深化对劳动价值理论认识的重点。     

社会主义市场经济条件下教师劳动的性质

我国传统理论认为教师劳动是不创造价值的非生产性劳动,但从历史发展的角度来考察,教师的劳动从来就是与生产劳动结合在一起的,是一般生产劳动中一部分;从价值创造的角度来考察,更是总的生产劳动中的一部分,是创造价值的生产性劳动。     

平台数字劳动是生产劳动吗——基于《政治经济学批判（1861-1863年手稿）》的分析

数字平台中数字劳动可以分为三类：一类提供数字信息通信技术;一类生产数据和信息;一类提供服务。研究数字平台中数字劳动的生产性问题要把握好马克思考察生产劳动三个视角之间的关联性。对于提供数字信息通信技术的数字劳动而言,这类劳动由资本所雇佣,技术成为了商品,因而属于马克思视角下的生产劳动。对于生产数据和信息的数字劳动而言,这类劳动唯有被资本所雇佣,并把数据和信息加工成数字商品进行售卖才属于马克思视角下的生产劳动。对于提供服务的数字劳动而言,其中由资本所雇佣并生产可视化的数字服务商品的数字劳动属于马克思视角下的生产劳动,另一种直接提供服务的数字劳动则不属于马克思视角下的生产劳动。     

社会主义市场经济条件下教师劳动的性质

我国传统理论认为教师劳动是不创造价值的非生产性劳动，但从历史发展的角度来考察，教师的劳动从来就是与生产劳动结合在一起的，是一般生产劳动中一部分；从价值创造的角度来考察，更是总的生产劳动中的一部分，是创造价值的生产性劳动。     

深化对马克思劳动价值理论劳动内涵的认识

劳动是马克思劳动价值理论的核心概念。马克思对劳动内涵的界定包括三个层次 :劳动一般、生产劳动、商品生产劳动。深化对马克思劳动价值理论劳动内涵的认识 ,有利于深化和发展马克思的劳动价值理论 ,同时也可有效地消除对马克思劳动价值理论理解上的误解和分歧。     

The positive relation between average labour productivity and labour intensity

Conclusion In this paper an attempt has been made to reconcile the phenomenon of a simultaneous increase in average labour productivity and labour intensity with neo-classical theory. Under certain technical and psychological conditions, this phenomenon can indeed be generated by a neo-classical model, once it has been assumed that production does not only depend on labour and the number of capital goods but on the operating-hours per machine as well. A necessary condition is that the elasticity of substitution is less than unity. Moreover, the elasticity of the degree of overtime aversion with respect to the number of operating-hours per machine has to be negative and smaller in absolute value than the substitution coefficient.Today almost everybody agrees that in reality the elasticity of substitution is less than unity. So, the technical condition may be called realistic. However, it is doubtful whether this is the case with the psychological condition. It seems rather unrealistic that the aversion against overtime work decreases if one has to work at more inconvenient hours.Thus, we may conclude that it is doubtful whether amended neoclassical theory is able to give a realistic explanation of the phenomenon of simultaneously increasing labour intensity and labour productivity. In this respect approaches which discern the phenomenon of labour hoarding [5] or employ U-shaped short-run cost curves [2], may be more promising.I wish to thank Professors F. Hartog, F. J. de Jong, and G. F. Pikkemaat, and Mr. J. W. Gunning for making useful comments on a first draft of this paper.     

New forms of labour contract and labour flexibility in Russia

This paper assesses the claims that employment in the new Russian private sector relies heavily on informal and unregistered labour agreements and that the violation of existing labour law by new private employers is driven by their need for more flexible working arrangements.
The paper shows that these claims are unsupported on every count. The new private sector does not rely heavily on informal or illegal forms of employment and there is no evidence that it uses labour more flexibly, in any of the usual senses of the term, than the traditional sectors of the economy. The conclusion is that there is no economic justification for the systematic violation of the existing labour legislation. It is suggested, therefore, that enforcement of the existing law is a precondition for its effective reform in those areas in which it might be a barrier to restructuring.     

Offshoring, labour market institutions and the elasticity of labour demand

This paper analyses the evolution of the elasticity of labour demand and the possible role of offshoring therein using industry-level data for a large number of OECD countries. The first main finding is that the wage elasticity of labour demand has increased substantially since 1980, although some of this increase may reflect a trend increase in the speed of adjustment rather than an increase in the long-run wage elasticity. The evidence on the potential contribution of offshoring to raising labour demand elasticity is mixed. No association is found between increases in offshoring and demand elasticity during the second half of the 1990s, but there is a significant cross-sectional association between higher average offshoring intensity during this period and higher demand elasticity. We also find some evidence that strict employment protection legislation weakens the cross-sectional association between offshoring and higher labour demand elasticity, suggesting that the relationship between offshoring and the labour demand elasticity may depend on the national institutional environment.     

Shadow pricing of labour and capital in an economy with unemployed labour

This paper derives the shadow prices of labour and capital to be used in the public sector in a situation of unemployment. The setting considered is that of a three-good, two-period general equilibrium model. Then shadow prices are compared to their corresponding market prices and shown to closely depend on own and cross-elasticities of supply and demand for labour and investment. In the first part, a rigid wage rate is the sole source of distortion; then, a tax on capital income is introduced so that our formula for the social rate of discount can be contrasted with that of Harberger, Sandmo and Drèze.     

Smartphones support smart labour

Besides enabling communication, smartphones support information flows and financial transactions, especially in developing countries, where the coverage of landline networks is limited. Drawing upon new data of rural households in the Mekong region, this article finds that smartphone ownership increases labour mobility measured as the number of commuters whereas it seems to discourage the emigration of workers.     

Rural-urban migration,population and labour allocation: labour surplus models and alternatives

The author examines the relationship between the existence of a labor surplus in rural areas and rural-urban migration using various modeling techniques. Particular attention is given to the situation in developing countries.     

The role of labour demand elasticities in tax incidence analysis with heterogeneous labour

Whether labour bears full burden of household level income and consumption taxes ultimately depends on the degree of substitutability among different types of labour in production. We find more variation in incidence patterns across households with less than perfectly substitutable heterogeneous labour than with perfectly substitutable homogeneous labour in production. This finding is based on results obtained from homogeneous and heterogeneous labour general equilibrium tax models calibrated to decile level income and consumption distribution data of UK households for the year 1994. We use labour supply elasticities implied by the substitution elasticity in households' utility functions and derive labour demand elasticities from the substitution elasticity in the production function. First version received: March 1998/Final version received: April 1999     

Female labour supply in Australia: Another example of a backward-bending labour supply curve

Hours worked by employed married females in Australia are analysed using techniques to correct for sample selection bias. Consistent with the conclusions of the study of female labour supply in the U.S. and Canada by Nakamura and Nakamura (1981), working wives work fewer hours per week when paid higher hourly wage rates.