The Credit Channel at the Zero Lower Bound through the Lens of Equity Prices

This study examines the impact of unconventional monetary policies on the stock market when the short‐term nominal interest rate is stuck at the zero lower bound (ZLB). Unconventional monetary policies appear to have significant effects on stock prices and the effects differ across stocks. In agreement with existing credit channel theories, I find that firms subject to financial constraints react more strongly to unconventional monetary policy shocks [especially large‐scale asset purchases (LSAPs)] than do less constrained firms. These results imply that the credit channel is as important as the interest rate channel in the transmission of unconventional monetary policies at the ZLB.     

U.S. Monetary Policy and International Bond Markets

This paper analyzes how U.S. monetary policy affects the pricing of dollar‐denominated sovereign debt. We document that yields on dollar‐denominated sovereign bonds are highly responsive to U.S. monetary policy surprises—during both the conventional and unconventional policy regimes—and that the passthrough of unconventional policy to foreign bond yields is, on balance, comparable to that of conventional policy. In addition, a conventional U.S. monetary easing (tightening) leads to a significant narrowing (widening) of credit spreads on sovereign bonds issued by countries with a speculative‐grade credit rating but has no effect on the corresponding weighted average of bilateral exchange rates for a basket of currencies from the same set of risky countries; this indicates that an unanticipated tightening of U.S. monetary policy widens credit spreads on risky sovereign debt directly through the financial channel, as opposed to indirectly through the exchange rate channel. During the unconventional policy regime, yields on both investment‐ and speculative‐grade sovereign bonds move one‐to‐one with policy‐induced fluctuations in yields on comparable U.S. Treasuries. We also examine whether the response of sovereign credit spreads to US monetary policy differs between policy easings and tightenings and find no evidence of such asymmetry.     

On the role of Islamic and conventional banks in the monetary policy transmission in Malaysia: Do size and liquidity matter?

This paper empirically investigates the impact of monetary policy on the credit supply of Islamic versus conventional banks of Malaysia using an unbalanced panel dataset over the period 2005-2016. While estimating the effects of three alternative measures of monetary policy on banks' credit supply, we include several bank-specific and macroeconomic variables in the specification as control variables. We provide strong evidence on the existence of the credit channel of monetary policy transmission mechanism in Malaysia. Yet, we show that Islamic banks respond considerably less to changes in monetary policy instruments as compared to their conventional counterparts. We also find that the monetary policy measures affect small-sized banks and less-liquid banks more as compared to large-sized and more-liquid banks. Our findings suggest that for an effective monetary policy, there is a vital need to consider the nature of Islamic banking while devising any monetary policy instruments to manage credit supply in the economy.     

当前我国货币政策传导不畅的理论归因和现实应对——基于社会信用的视角

货币政策取得了不俗的成果,但是,在不同的发展阶段,货币政策传导呈现出了不同的问题,以往的研究多局限于从货币政策工具选择、金融体系机制等内部因素去探寻问题,本文基于信用在货币和市场中的基础地位,另辟蹊径,以社会信用视角,立足时代背景,用理论和数据阐述了当前我国社会信用体系从数量、价格、结构等多方面影响货币政策传导,并归纳梳理了已有政策在信用下沉、信用虚增、信用混同、信用扭曲等方面的现实应对。     

How successful are banking sector reforms in emerging market economies? Evidence from impact of monetary policy on levels and structures of firm debt in India

Many emerging markets have undertaken significant financial sector reforms, especially in their banking sectors, that are critical for both financial development and real economic activity. In this paper, we investigate the success of banking reforms in India where significant banking reforms were implemented during the 1990s. Using the argument that well-functioning credit markets would reflect a credit channel for monetary policy at work, we test whether a change in monetary policy has a predictable impact on borrowing behaviour of several types of firms, including business group affiliated, unaffiliated private firms, state-owned firms and foreign firms. The empirical results suggest that unaffiliated private firms have the most vulnerable to monetary policy stance during tight policy regimes. We also find that during tight monetary policy regimes, bank credit of smaller firms is more sensitive to changes in the interest rate than that of large firms. In an easy money regime, monetary policy and the associated change in interest rate does not affect change in bank credit, change in total debt and the proportion of bank credit in total debt for any of the firms. We discuss the policy implications of the findings.     

货币政策在银行危机管理中的效果

本文从货币政策的信贷传导渠道出发,探讨了金融危机条件下商业银行资本管理、准备金需求的变化、信贷配给对货币政策有效性的影响机制。分析表明,货币政策的有效性不仅取决于中央银行的政策意图,还受制于商业银行资本量、风险偏好以及信贷配给程度的变化。因此,强化危机时期的货币政策效果必须配合影响银行信贷行为的措施。     

我国货币政策对投资和消费的影响——基于VECM的实证研究

本文运用1996—2012年月度数据建立VECM模型,分析了货币政策对投资和消费的影响,结果显示:(1)货币政策对投资及消费的刺激作用存在非对称性,货币政策对投资的刺激作用比对消费的拉动作用强很多。(2)货币和信贷都可以对消费发挥积极作用,信贷的作用稍强,货币对投资的刺激作用几乎为零,而信贷对投资的拉动作用很明显。(3)利率对投资和消费都有一定影响,但不显著。分析表明,我国货币政策主要通过信贷渠道拉动投资来促进经济增长。通过进一步分析投资与消费的关系,发现当前应着力于扩大消费需求,而且目前财政政策对消费的刺激作用比货币政策有效。     

投资潮涌、双重金融摩擦与货币政策传导——转型时期货币政策的结构调控功能探究

在银行融资与企业融资两大市场均存在金融摩擦的条件下,经济转型时期的“投资潮涌”蕴含重要货币经济学含义。以货币政策调控行业过剩产能为例,本文为解释转型时期中国货币政策结构调控功能构建一个理论分析框架,并对相关理论假说进行实证检验。经验证据显示:当不同产能过剩行业的企业在抵押能力信息传递上存在系统异质性时,货币政策具有显著产能调控功能,而调控作用的大小与企业产权结构以及货币政策工具类型有关。通过融合“投资潮涌”与BGG理论,本文将BGG理论中的货币政策效应异质性从企业层面拓展至行业层面,进而揭示了传统非结构性货币政策在转型经济背景下何以具有结构调控功能的理论机制。结论表明,进一步夯实金融市场微观基础,协同推进实体经济供给侧结构性改革与利率市场化改革,对于健全价格型货币政策调控体系至关重要。文章也为通过进一步完善和创新分类调控政策思路,实现灵活精准、合理适度的货币政策操作路径提供了政策启示。     

Effective Macroprudential Policy: Cross‐Sector Substitution from Price and Quantity Measures

Macroprudential policy is increasingly being implemented worldwide, and is mostly applied to banks. A key question is whether this prompts substitution toward nonbank credit. Using two different global data sets on macroprudential measures and different methodologies, including detrended series, panel estimations, and propensity score matching, we find evidence of such substitution. Substitution toward nonbank credit appears to be stronger when policy measures are binding and are implemented in economies with well‐developed nonbank credit markets. This substitution partially offsets the fall in bank credit, thus dampening the policies’ effect on total credit.     

货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调

本文在梳理学术文献和国际经验基础上,讨论了货币政策与宏观审慎政策之间的潜在冲突和协调机制。国际文献的初步结论是,为了同时实现价格稳定和金融稳定目标,大部分情况下需要货币政策与宏观审慎政策反向操作(由于政策的替代性),但有时也需要两者同向操作(由于政策的互补性),最优政策组合取决于宏观冲击的类别和风险的来源。本文认为,选择最优组合是一个复杂的理论和实证问题,除了冲击类别和风险来源外,不同的金融体制和经济周期阶段也会影响选择结果。因此,货币政策当局与宏观审慎当局之间需要建立有效的协调机制,并加强对货币政策和宏观审慎政策“溢出效应”的分析能力。基于上述理论,针对我国“双支柱”决策的现状和问题提出如下改革建议:一是从法律上明确中央银行的金融稳定职责。二是建立在同一框架内分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策的方法和工具。三是将金融监管部门的主要宏观审慎政策决策权集中至中央银行。四是建立货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调流程与机制。     

中国货币政策信贷传导渠道有效性的实证分析——兼论对工业企业现金流的影响

本文运用协整检验、向量自回归模型以及脉冲响应函数等计量方法,对中国2001—2011年货币政策信贷传导渠道的有效性进行了实证分析,同时给出货币渠道的结果作为对比。实证结果表明,货币渠道和信贷渠道对货币政策的传导共同发挥作用,但两者均存在一定程度的传导障碍,并且近年来货币渠道相对信贷渠道而言似乎更具影响力。另外,本文还进一步探讨了货币政策冲击对工业企业现金流的影响,并给出了工业企业现金流主要组成部分（销售收入、利润总额以及利息支出）对货币冲击的脉冲响应函数图。     

我国货币政策信贷传导渠道的实证分析

为应对国际金融危机的挑战和解决国内经济运行中的突出矛盾,我国的货币政策已发生了根本性的转变,即从偏紧缩的政策转为促进经济增长的适度宽松的政策。本文通过采用向量自回归模型、冲击反应分析和预期误差项方差分解等方法,发现信贷传导渠道是我国货币政策的重要传导渠道,并且信贷传导渠道具有有效性。     

Effects of Monetary and Macroprudential Policies—Evidence from Four Inflation Targeting Economies

We examine the effects of monetary and macroprudential policies in the Asia‐Pacific region, where many inflation targeting economies have adopted macroprudential policies in order to safeguard financial stability. Using structural panel vector autoregressions that identify both monetary and macroprudential policy actions, we show that tighter macroprudential policies used to contain credit growth also have a significant negative impact on macroeconomic aggregates such as real GDP and the price level. The similar effects of monetary and macroprudential policies may suggest a complementary use of the two policies at normal times. However, they could also create challenges for policymakers, especially during times when low inflation coincides with buoyant credit growth.     

美国货币政策对中国信贷市场的溢出效应研究

本文使用向量自回归误差修正模型(VECM)研究了美国货币政策对中国信贷市场的溢出性影响。研究发现,美国货币政策可以通过影响中国的信贷市场而作用于中国内生的广义货币供给。宽松的美国货币政策对中国信贷供给有正向影响。美元流动性通过该机制形成了对中国过剩流动性的溢出效应。在后危机时代,我们需要对美国货币政策可能的调整进行前瞻性的应对。     

“双支柱”调控的微观稳定效应研究

本文基于中国银行业和企业的数据,对"双支柱"调控的微观稳定效应进行了研究。实证结果表明:一方面,宏观审慎政策能够减弱货币政策的银行风险承担渠道传导效应,有效抑制银行在宽松货币政策下的过度风险承担;另一方面,在宽松货币政策下,企业有提高负债率的激励,而宏观审慎政策能够有效抑制企业过度负债的动机;同时,宏观审慎政策能够降低企业对银行贷款的依赖程度、促进企业优化债务结构,而货币政策与宏观审慎政策的配合强化了这一作用。上述实证结果说明"双支柱"调控政策对银行和企业两个微观层面主体都具有更好的稳定效应。此外,本文的实证分析还发现,"双支柱"调控对银行风险承担和企业负债行为的影响在不同经济周期阶段具有显著的差异性,同时,"双支柱"调控的政策效果在不同性质的银行和企业中也有所不同,这意味着在制定"双支柱"调控政策时需考虑经济周期以及银行和企业异质性,以进一步提高政策的针对性和有效性。本文的相关研究结论丰富了"双支柱"调控在微观层面的传导效应等方面的文献,并为中国实施"双支柱"调控的科学性和有效性提供了一定的经验证据。     

中国货币政策传导变量的区域结构效应研究

本文基于2007-2019年的数据实证分析利率、信贷、汇率、股票市场和房地产市场等货币政策传导变量对中国八大综合经济区经济增长和物价的影响.研究发现,中国货币政策传导存在明显的区域非对称效应;银行信贷和利率渠道对各区域经济增长和物价影响的方向基本一致,影响幅度存在较大差异;汇率对各区域经济增长、物价影响的方向和幅度均存...     

"天量"信贷政策的效应及其调整

2009年上半年中国为应对金融危机冲击、保增长,货币信贷投放激增,适度宽松的货币政策演变为过度宽松的货币政策.过度宽松的货币政策导致了短期通缩和长期通胀预期并存的尴尬局面.为了确保货币政策目标的实现和发挥货币政策促进经济增长的作用,适度宽松是货币当局的理性选择.但是,在执行货币政策中应掌控货币政策的宽松度,理顺货币政策的传导机制,加强对银行信贷的监管.     

Monetary policy and macroprudential policy: Rivals or teammates?

This paper sheds some light on situations in which monetary and macroprudential policies may interact (and potentially get into conflict) and contributes to the discussion about the coordination of those policies. Using data for the Czech Republic and five euro area countries we show that monetary tightening has a negative impact on the credit-to-GDP ratio and the non-risk-weighted bank capital ratio (i.e. a positive impact on bank leverage), while these effects have strengthened considerably since mid-2011. This supports the view that accommodative monetary policy contributes to a build-up of financial vulnerabilities, i.e. it boosts the credit cycle. On the other hand, the effect of the higher bank capital ratio is associated with some degree of uncertainty. For these and other reasons, coordination of the two policies is necessary to avoid an undesirable policy mix preventing effective achievement of the main objectives in the two policy areas.     

不同货币政策影响下民间借贷发展的比较分析

本文主要基于温州民间借贷利率监测的样本数据,着重分析货币政策由从紧到适度宽松的背景下温州民间借贷总量结构变动特征,探讨变动的诱致机理,并就如何进一步规范引导好民间借贷提出相应的政策建议。     

The Trade Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission: Evidence from Nonfinancial Manufacturing Firms in Turkey

This study investigates the trade credit channel of monetary policy transmission in Turkey by using a large panel of corporate firms and includes detailed information on balance sheets and income statements of firms that regularly reported to the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey during the period 1996-2008. The study suggests that the composition of external finance differs considerably across firm types based on size and export performance under tight and loose financial conditions. Small and medium-size manufacturing firms and firms with a low export share are less likely to have access to bank finance, especially in tight periods. In addition, financially constrained firms with limited access to bank finance (small, low-export-share firms) tend to substitute trade credits for bank loans more aggressively in tight periods as monetary policy tightens. The large volume of trade credit on firms' balance sheets and its positive response to contractionary monetary shocks imply that the trade credit channel might subdue the traditional credit channel of monetary transmission.