影子工资、影子收入与农户劳动供给——基于四川沐川县、安徽金寨县的调查分析

贫困地区就业的典型特征是自我雇佣,很少从事有酬劳动。如何在没有工资的情况下估计劳动供给行为就成为一个难题。在这种情况下,通过影子工资和影子收入来观察农户及其成员的劳动供给行为,为我们研究农户劳动力配置提供了一个有效的分析工具。本文利用Translog和C—D生产函数对四川省沐川县、安徽金寨县农户在林业、种植业、畜牧业和非农业的影子工资率进行估算,并利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了影子工资率等因素对农户劳动供给的影响,结果表明该地区农户的影子工资与劳动时间之间是负向关系,闲暇对于男性和女性来说是劣质品,家庭劳动供给的联合决策特征非常明显,家庭劳动力存在主次之分,该结论对于说明家庭内劳动分工以及劳动力流动有一定的指导意义。     

农户非农劳动参与率和供给水平的影响因素分析：以安徽省为例

研究农户非农劳动决策的影响因素,对于户主选择农业劳动和非农劳动以及二者间的时间分配具有重要意义。本文利用安徽省的调研数据,采用Probit和Tobit模型分析了农户非农劳动参与率和供给水平的影响因素。通过检验发现：户主年龄、受教育年限和拥有耕地面积等因素具有显著性效应;而户主受到的农技培训、粮食补贴和基础设施等因素对户主参与非农劳动决策有不同的影响。在此基础上,对政府在农村实施的政策效果进行了评述。     

家庭非农劳动供给时间的影响因素分析

非农劳动供给在家庭中占有非常重要的地位。本文利用四川和安徽12年12乡的农户调查数据,采用Heckman两阶段模型,对影响家庭非农劳动供给的因素做了实证分析。研究结果表明,年龄轻、家庭平均受教育程度高、家庭初始经济能力有利于家庭非农劳动供给决策和非农劳动时间的增加;家庭中男女劳动力的比例对非农劳动供给时间具有不同的影响,土地资源匮乏是家庭从事非农劳动供给的重要原因。文章认为,政府应当在教育培训、信贷支持、通讯设施建设方面加以完善,以增加农户家庭的非农劳动供给。     

影子工资率对农村劳动力迁移与就业的影响

利用对陕西省农户所做的调查数据,采用多重分类概率模型,就农民对不同就业方式的参与概率进行估计,重点分析了影子工资率及人力资本、就业成本、收入差距对农民迁移与就业的影响,进而讨论了农村劳动市场的发育状况、农村社区环境的发展、农户家庭特征、个体人力资本积累对劳动力要素有效配置的影响。最后提出了相应的对策建议。     

农户家庭人口学特征对绿色农产品生产影响的实证分析

利用对山东寿光和河北定州308个蔬菜种植农户的调研数据,基于双变量相关分析和加权最小二乘回归模型,对农户家庭人口学特征对绿色农产品生产的影响进行实证分析。结果表明：户主性别、户主年龄、投入到绿色农产品生产的劳动力数量以及农产品生产收入对农产品质量安全水平有显著性作用,而户主的受教育程度、家庭人口数、农业劳动力、家庭总收入、是否有外出务工劳动力对绿色农产品生产没有明显影响。     

农户种植番茄选择行为影响因素的实证分析

本文利用新疆昌吉市284个农户调查资料,采用统计分析和Logit二元选择模型对农户种植番茄选择行为影响因素进行实证分析。结果显示,户主性别、文化程度、劳动力人数、种植面积、种植作物种类、产量因素、价格因素和运输因素对农户种植番茄选择行为有正向显著影响;户主年龄、家庭总人口数、家庭纯收入、是否有非农收入、成本因素、户主风险态度等因素对农户种植番茄选择行为有负向显著影响。     

农户种植番茄选择行为影响因素的实证分析

本文利用新疆昌吉市284个农户调查资料,采用统计分析和Logit二元选择模型对农户种植番茄选择行为影响因素进行实证分析.结果显示,户主性别、文化程度、劳动力人数、种植面积、种植作物种类、产量因素、价格因素和运输因素对农户种植番茄选择行为有正向显著影响;户主年龄、家庭总人口数、家庭纯收入、是否有非农收入、成本因素、户主风险态度等因素对农户种植番茄选择行为有负向显著影响.     

从农民工角度对"民工荒"问题的市场均衡预期分析

一、农民工的市场均衡预期模型 劳动的供给来自于劳动者家庭部门,对应于特定的工资率,劳动者提供劳动的数量是由劳动者的选择行为决定的.这里,劳动力供给为农民工就业预期,其函数为Ls=(I,S).     

代际支持、女性劳动供给与中国性别工资差异收敛−基于性别分工的视角

我国"男主外、女主内"的性别分工观念年深日久,但相比世界很多国家,女性劳动参与率反而很高、性别工资差异也较低,中国文化中长期承袭着父辈对子女代际支持的传统可能是缓解女性劳动供给约束的重要动因.文章构建考虑父辈代际支持的家庭劳动供给模型,利用中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),分析了父辈时间支持和经济支持对子女,特别是女性劳动力的劳动供给和工资收入的影响与机制.研究发现,父辈的时间支持明显缓解女性劳动参与的时间约束,提高其劳动供给和工资收入,但没有发现对男性有显著影响,故有利于性别工资差异收敛;而父辈的经济支持均未发现对子女的劳动参与和工资收入有显著影响.此外,对城乡进行区分后发现,父辈时间支持对城镇女性的作用比农村女性更强.文章的研究有助于加深对我国劳动力市场中女性劳动供给行为和性别工资收敛性的理解,对进一步完善劳动就业制度也有一定启示.     

农户油茶供给行为影响因素实证研究——以福建612个农户调查为例

以福建省农户问卷调查数据为基础,利用二元logistic回归模型对农户油茶供给行为的影响因素进行计量分析,并分析影响农户油茶供给行为的主要原因。研究表明：农户扩大油茶供给的积极性不高,油茶种植在农户家庭资源配置中的地位较低。受访农户户主年龄对扩大油茶种植有负向影响,户主受教育程度、现有油茶种植面积和当地油茶产业发展状况对扩大油茶种植有正向影响。     

Traditional vs. modern production systems: Price and nonmarket considerations of cacao producers in Northern Ecuador

Many factors besides profit maximization, such as nonmarket ecological and social benefits, influence smallholder households to adopt a specific agricultural production system or sell in a particular market. Thus, different analytical techniques are needed that take into consideration more than monetary income to fully capture these additional benefits to better understand the production decisions of smallholder farmers. We build on previous work on the household model and shadow wage estimation to develop a shadow wage for Ecuadorian cacao producers that includes these nonmarket benefits. We found that the shadow wage correctly indicated that, on average, these households would prefer to use an agroforestry production system instead of the more profitable modern system because of the nonmarket benefits received from the former system.     

退耕还林政策对吴起县农民收入影响的实证分析

基于C—D生产函数模型思路,运用索洛增长方程式,对陕西吴起县退耕还林后农民收入的增长情况进行了分析,重点分析了退耕还林政策对吴起县农业生产各要素收入弹性的影响,结论是吴起县的退耕还林政策有效的改善了各生产要素的收入弹性,从而显著地提高了农民收入。     

Having It All? Employment,Earnings, and Children*

We study the effect of family policies on female employment, fertility, and the gender wage gap. We develop a life‐cycle model of heterogeneous households featuring endogenous labor supply, human capital accumulation, fertility, and home production. Our results suggest that human capital accumulation is important in accounting for the widening of the gender wage gap following children. We find that, in aggregate, childcare subsidies promote maternal employment and fertility, although the effects are heterogeneous across couples. A subsidy on home goods increases female employment, but primarily later in life. Thus, it does not dampen the widening of the gender gap.     

Cyclical wage movements in emerging markets compared to developed economies: The role of interest rates

This paper documents that, at the aggregate level, (i) real wages are positively correlated with output and, on average, lag output by about one quarter in emerging markets, while there are no systematic patterns in developed economies, and (ii) real wage volatility (relative to output volatility) is about twice as high in emerging markets compared with developed economies. We then present a small open economy model with productivity shocks and countercyclical interest rates. The model incorporates a working capital requirement and the Jaimovich and Rebelo (2009) preference that allows for flexible parameterization of the strength of income effects on labor supply. The model can account for the high volatility of wage and consumption relative to output and countercyclical trade balances that characterize emerging-market economies. During economic downturns, rising interest rates in emerging markets induce relatively large income effects on labor supply, so households would not reduce their labor input as much even though wages drop significantly.     

The rise of part-time employment in the great recession: Its causes and macroeconomic effects

During the Great Recession, the U.S. economy witnessed a substantial rise in part-time employment for a sustained period. We extend the New Keynesian unemployment model by Galí et al. (2012) to allow substitutions between full-time and part-time labor, and estimate the model’s parameters by using the Bayesian method. In our model, households and firms can optimally allocate full-time and part-time labor, and disturbances exist in part-time labor supply (household disutility from part-time labor) and part-time labor demand (firms’ efficiency to use part-time labor). As for the Great Recession, the initial increase in part-time employment at the outset of the financial crisis is mostly explained by the rise of the risk premia; the persistently high level of part-time employment in the later period is mainly explained by an exogenous increase in part-time labor supply. A part-time labor supply shock also explains a significant portion of slow recovery in the gross wage during the recession, as the shock lowers the part-time wage and the proportion of full-time workers in total employment. Notably, the results from our model suggest that though the transition from full-time to part-time jobs contributed to mitigating the sharp contraction in total employment and labor force during the Great Recession, it played only a limited role in relieving recessionary pressure.     

Social protection during recessions: evidence from Chile

This article analyzes the main labor market risk management strategies adopted by the Chilean Government during the 1999 recession that was initially related to the Asian financial crisis. Their successes and failures can suggest innovative social protection solutions for other countries. It seems that the 1999–2001 labor reforms and a three-year plan to increase the minimum wage intensified the recession’s effects on unemployment. Probit models indicate that households coped with the recession’s effects by increasing wives’ labor supply but not by withdrawing children from schools. The expansion of employment programs probably helped households to adopt these coping strategies.     

Labor supply in urban China

Using labor supply responses from 10,560 urban Chinese workers, two-stage least squares estimations identify positive compensated wage effects and negative income effects that are, for the most part, statistically significant. The gross wage effects are mostly positive but they indicate relatively low uncompensated labor supply elasticities. The compensated wage effects are much larger; these may be important in assessing the labor market consequences of reform policies that monetize non-pecuniary benefits. The significance of labor supply responses depends on individual responsibilities within the family; the effects are largest for women and non-household heads. Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (4) (2003) 795–817.     

Economic-demographic interactions and the impact of investments in population control

The interaction between economic and demographic factors in the Philippines was examined, analyzing the effects of investment in fertility control on the birthrate, population size, and such economic variables as gross national product (GNP), wage rate, and family income. A family planning model that was constructed and is used to project population program cost and births prevented is grafted to and simulated with a larger economic/demographic model. The simulation results are anayzed. The economic demographic model to which the family planning subsystem was grafted is a modified version of the model constructed by Encarnacion et al. (1974). It is basically a neoclassical model, a closed economy in which the real wage rate is determined by the intersection of the demand and supply of labor. The demand for labor is derived from a Cobb-Douglas production function on the assumption that labor is paid the value of its margin product, and the labor supply is determined by age and sex specific labor force participation rates and population. Capital accumulation is influenced by population size through its effect on government and private consumption expe nditures. Fertility rate is determined by duration of marriage and the level and distribution of family incomes. The model was used to develop projections from 1970 through 2000. Results show that the effects on per capital income and real wage rate seem significant, yet family income appears largely unaffected and the effect on the traditional investment to output ratio (I/Y) seems minimal. One of the outcomes of the projection without family planning is that, if the economy were to depend solely on its own savings, the average annual rate of growth of gross national product (GNP) would be only about 4.32%, which is less than the historical growth rate of 6% and the present government longterm target of 8%. The result suggests that foreign investments and loans would have to play an increasingly important role in the economic growth of the Philippines unless the gross domestic investment of GNP ratio is increased substantially. Aggregate output is reduced due to a relatively smaller labor force. Thus, it is suggested that if population control programs are accompanied by an increase in the labor participation rate, particularly of women, the payoffs from family planning may be larger. Closer examination of the nature of the payoffs from the family planning program would reveal that they basically stem from the decrease in the number of persons sharing in national output and not from increased production and saving. The observation suggests that population control does not necessarily lead to more rapid economic growth defined as sustained increase in total output.