Ireland's Foreign Direct Investment Competitive Advantage and Japanese Outward Foreign Direct Investment

This article addresses Ireland's record in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI has been identified as one of the key factors that has spurred the growth of the Celtic Tiger. An adaptation of Porter's Diamond is offered to explain the determinants of Ireland's competitive advantage in attracting FDI. The overall trends in FDI inflows to Ireland are considered. The study then focuses on Japanese FDI into Europe and Ireland in particular. The pattern of Japanese FDI flows into Ireland is analysed in the context of Ireland's determinants of FDI competitive advantage. Future considerations around Ireland's model of competitive advantage are addressed.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Regulations and Growth

The paper explores the linkage between income growth rates and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. So far the evidence is rather mixed, as no robust relationship between FDI and income growth has been established. We argue that countries need a sound business environment in the form of good government regulations to be able to benefit from FDI. Using a comprehensive data set for regulations, we test this hypothesis and find evidence that excessive regulations restrict growth through FDI only in the most regulated economies. This result is robust to different specifications of the econometric model.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Competition and Industry Performance

This paper investigates the productivity effects of inward and outward foreign direct investment using industry‐ and country‐level data for 17 OECD countries over the period 1973 to 2001. Controlling for national and international knowledge spillovers we argue that the effects of FDI work through direct compositional effects as well as changing competition in the host country. Our results show that there are, on average, productivity benefits from inward FDI, although we can identify a number of countries which, on aggregate, do not appear to benefit in terms of productivity. On the other hand, a country's stock of outward FDI is, on average, negatively related to productivity. However, again there is substantial heterogeneity in the effect across OECD countries.     

外国直接投资与我国对外贸易失衡

我国与美国、欧盟的贸易顺差增大,外汇储备激增,原因错综复杂,其中,在我国改革开放和特殊的工业化进程中,经济全球化和国际分工加速发展,世界产业结构大调整,外国直接投资持续增加才是根本原因。由于外国直接投资对我国贸易顺差存在着两种效应:直接效应和间接影响,即外国直接投资对我国产生明显的贸易创造效应,同时又具有一定的贸易替代效应,间接增加了贸易顺差,从而加剧了我国的贸易失衡。本文运用协整检验,建立误差修正模型,验证了外国直接投资与我国贸易顺差存在长期均衡关系,即正相关关系。只有从生产领域和外商投资的角度入手才能从根本上缓解贸易顺差的扩大。     

外商直接投资、对外直接投资与国际收支——基于国际收支平衡的我国对外直接投资

在我国,引进外商直接投资和对外直接投资之间存在着严重的不对称性。我国国际收支中投资收益逆差抵消了大量的贸易顺差,在未来贸易顺差和外资流入减少的情况下,这将会导致中国国际收支的恶化。因此,需要大力推进我国的对外直接投资以谋求国际收支平衡。     

对外投资与规避反倾销

对外投资和规避反倾销是我国当前经济发展中两大热点问题，其实它们之间也存在着一些必然的联系：对外投资是规避反倾销的一个有效途径。但是我国目前的对外投资还存在着许多问题，非但没有减少反倾销对我国出口贸易的负面影响，反而一定程度上加重了国外对我国反倾销的指控。     

环境规制与外商直接投资研究

利用面板数据模型对环境规制与外商直接投资之间的关系进行实证分析。检验结果发现,环境规制对外商直接投资呈现负效应,但这种效应并不显著,人均GDP、市场化指数、基础设施状况、开放程度才是决定外商直接投资的决定因素。     

Foreign Direct Investment,Exports and Imports in Mexico

This paper analyses the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico since the late 1980s, and its relationships with exports and imports. Such a process has eased the access of multinational corporations (MNCs) to the country, which has promoted exports. However, it has also resulted in a higher import content and the displacement of local firms, which has limited Mexico's economic development through the balance of payments constraint. The analysis is supported by the existence of linkages – bidirectional Granger causality – between exports, imports and FDI.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Economic Performance and Trade Liberalisation

In a number of influential papers published by V. N. Balasubramanyam and collaborators during the decade of the 1990s, compelling arguments and supporting evidence was presented to indicate that export‐promoting trade and investment strategies attract more and more productive inflows of foreign capital than do import‐substituting strategies. This paper revisits these hypotheses in the context of more recent cross‐section data and reports evidence to suggest that the earlier findings are robust.     

外商直接投资、环境管制与环境污染

本文就外商直接投资、环境管制和环境污染的关系建立联立方程模型,并运用中国1992-2006年的数据对其进行计量检验,结果表明:外商直接投资通过影响中国的经济规模、结构和技术进步从而对环境产生影响,外商直接投资存量的增加扩大了经济规模,使工业污染排放增加,同时其存量增加也优化了经济结构和提高了技术水平,进而又减少了工业污染排放,外商直接投资对中国环境的总效应是正面的,但影响程度较小。另外,宽松的环境管制是吸引外商直接投资进入的一个重要因素,已经显现出一定"污染避难所"效应,但中国并未成为"污染避难所"。     

外国直接投资、出口倾向与技术溢出效应

本文利用2001、2002、2003年的行业数据,对比研究了在外商投资企业出口倾向较高的行业和出口倾向较低的行业,外商投资企业对我国内资企业的技术溢出效应。结果表明,在外商投资企业出口倾向较高的行业,外商投资企业通过竞争效应、研发效应和模仿效应对我国内资企业产生较明显的技术溢出效应,在外商投资企业出口倾向较低的行业,其技术溢出效应不明显。     

Foreign Direct Investment in Hungary

Abstract

When in 1989 the markets in Central and Eastern Europe opened, western firms were quick to move in. Hungary treated foreign firms equal to domestic ones in the privatization process. It attracted most foreign direct investment in the region. Now, other countries are likely to follow the Hungarian path and allow foreign firms to take over domestic firms. This contribution discusses the experience of six Dutch multinational firms in Hungary and discusses whether these can be useful for expansion into other countries in the region. The results indicate that firms easily underestimate the cost of reconstructing acquired enterprises and that building a market position is more expensive than anticipated.     

Foreign Direct Investment in China

Summary

China has attracted the second largest amount of foreign direct investment in the world each year since 1993. Hundreds of thousands of foreign-invested enterprises are in operation in China. However, what drive the success or cause the failure of foreign investments is still not well understood. This paper critically examines one success factor, i.e., the importance of timing of marketing entry into China. It begins with a brief review of the literature on first-mover advantages and the recent empirical research. It then attempts to theorize on why timing of market entry matters in the context of foreign direct investment. Apart from drawing upon the four recent studies in this area, this paper focuses on the auto industry in China and the case of Volkswagen to illustrate the importance of early entry into an overseas market. It calls for foreign investors to seize the first-wave opportunities when the door is opened a certain sector. It pays in the long run both in terms of the market share position and profitability.     

Exports,Foreign Direct Investment and Employment: The Case of China

This paper analyses the growth of production and employment in China during the period 1978 to the early 1990s. It argues that the Chinese experience with export‐led growth provides an excellent case study of the phenomenon of a vent for surplus resources provided by exports, identified by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations and elaborated by Hla Myint. The paper extends the Smith‐Myint model of ‘vent‐for‐surplus’ productive capacity to ‘vent‐for‐surplus’ resources by allowing for foreign investment flows. The ‘vent‐for‐surplus’ effect of exports on employment and growth is examined in a dynamic labour demand framework for a panel of township and village enterprises (TVEs) in China.     

外商直接投资、贸易条件与政策选择

改革开放以来,我国吸引的外商直接投资(FDI)一直呈逐年上升趋势,外资企业进出口占我国对外贸易的比重也呈上升趋势,而我国的价格贸易条件则呈现下降的趋势。本文借助外商直接投资的主体——外商投资企业的进出口与价格贸易条件进行实证分析,提出我国对外商投资的政策应从"招商引资"转变为"招商选资"。     

Components of Foreign Direct Investment Flows

Abstract

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows constitute an important element of both regional and global integration. FDI data are often appraised as if they consist exclusively of new equity flows, when in fact they also include reinvested earnings as well as short-term and long-term intra-company debt flows. This paper examines these “components” of inward FDI flows in the balance-of-payments of Latin American countries, and compares them with inward and outward FDI flows for OECD countries, including the United States. The paper examines whether the component flows for individual countries are substitutes or complements for each other, or whether they are independent of one another; the results indicate that the component flows often are independent of each other. Therefore, differences in alternative FDI theories can be partially resolved by more explicit recognition of differences in the determinants and consequences of the components of FDI. Such differences, furthermore, have a variety of implications for government policymakers as well as corporate decision-makers.

Resumen

Los flujos de Inversión Directa Extranjera (IDE) constituyen un elemento impotante de la inegración regional y global. La información sobre IDE con frecuencia es considerada como si solo estuviera compuesta de flujos de capital cuando en realidad también incluye otros componentes como la relnversión de la ganancias y los flujos a corto y largo plazo de deuda entre compañias. Este artículo examina estos componentes de flujos de IDE en la balanza de pagos de paises latinoamericanos y los compara con los flujos hacia adentro y afuera de IDE en paises miembros de la OECD, incluyendo a los Estados Unidos. En particluar, se estudia si los flujos de estos componentes son substitutos o complementarios, ó si son independientes entre si. Como consecuencia de lo sugerido en este artículo, se propone que las diferencias en las teorías alternativas de IDE pueden ser parcialmente resueltas a través de un reconocimiento mas explícito de las diferencias en los determinantes y las consecuencias de los diversos componentes de la IDE. Adicionalmente, se muestra que estas diferencias tienen una variedad de implicaciones en los tomardores de decisiones involucrados en la definitión de política tanto pública como corporativa.

Resumo

Os fluxos de investimento estrangeiro direto (IED) constituem um elemento importante de integração regional e global. Os dados sobre IED são freqüentemente avaliados como se consistissem apenas de norvos investimentos no patrimônio líquido, quando de fato eles também incluem o reinvestimento de lucros como também fluxos creditícios de curto e longo prazo internos à companhia. Esse trabalho examina esses “componentes” dos fluxos de entrada do IED sobre o balanço de pagamentos de países latino americanos e os compra com o fluxos de entrada e saída de IED para os países da OCDE, incluindo os Estados Unidos. O artigo examina se os componentes dos fluxos para países individuais são substitutes ou complementos ou es eles são independentes entre si. Os resultados indicam que os componentes dos fluxos são freqüentemente independentes entre si. Portanto, diferenças entre teorias alternativas sobre o IED podem ser parcialmente resolvidas pelo reconhecimento mais explícito das diferenças nos deteminantes e nas conseqüencias dos componentes do IED. Além do que, estas diferenças apresentam uma variedade de implicações para a política governamental como também para a tomada de decisão corporativa.     

Institutional Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment

In this paper, we contribute to the literature on the determinants of foreign direct investment in developing countries and re‐evaluate the role of the quality of institutions on FDI independently of the general level of development. We implement cross‐section estimations based on a newly available database with unprecedented detail on institutions for a set of 52 countries, as well as panel data estimations based on Fraser Institute's data. Furthermore, we control for the correlation between institutions and GDP per capita and for endogeneity of institutions. Finally, we evaluate whether the similarity of institutions between the host and the origin country raises bilateral FDI. We find that a wide range of institutions, including bureaucracy, corruption, but also information, banking sector and legal institutions, do matter for inward FDI independently of GDP per capita. Interestingly, weak capital concentration and strong employment protection tend to reduce inward FDI. Institutional proximity between the origin and the host country also matters, but we find little impact of institutions in the origin country. These results are encouraging in the sense that efforts towards raising the quality of institutions and making them converge towards those of source countries may help developing countries to receive more FDI, independently of the indirect impact of higher GDP per capita. The orders of magnitude found in the paper are large, meaning that moving from a low level to a high level of institutional quality could have as much impact as suddenly becoming a neighbour of a source country.     

我国对外直接投资的产业和区位选择

在进行对外直接投资的过程中,产业和区位的选择是投资决策的重要内容,可以说产业与区位选择的正确与否是对外投资成败的关键。在我国经济发展的新阶段,面对世界经济一体化、知识经济时代的到来、党的十六大的召开和入世的新背景,通过分析我国对外投资中的产业和区位分布状况,提出了我国在进行对外直接投资的产业和区位选择时应采取的措施。     

市场结构与引进外商直接投资

一、外商直接投资与市场结构的变动 外商直接投资给东道国带来的不仅是生产要素的流入,更重要的是市场经济运行机制的输入和市场供求关系的显著改变.现实生活中可以观察到,相对于国际贸易而言,外商直接投资对东道国经济生活的影响要广泛和深刻得多,其中最重要的是对经济生活中制度安排的影响.资本的跨国流动是以市场经济的运行为基础的,伴随着跨国投资的是市场机制跨越国界对生产资源的配置进行调节.具体地讲,放到市场经济的背景中来考虑,外商直接投资的流入能加速东道国市场体系的发育,加快东道国市场结构的演变速度,而外商直接投资对东道国经济运行的实际影响则是与市场结构密切地联系在一起的.