国际银行业并购的效应分析

本文以近十年来美国银行业的并购活动为研究对象，从理论和实证上对并购与规模经济、范围经济和X－效率的关系进行分析。认为在银行业存在适度规模经济范围的同时，由于和银行自身管理能力的变化使得规模经济不断扩展，从而引发了追求效率改善的银行并购浪潮；此外，经济和X－效率也对银行效率的改善也具有重要的影响。     

银行业并购对中小企业贷款的影响——国外经验和对中国的启示

20世纪80年代以来,在金融自由化和金融全球化的背景下,西方国家出现了战后最大规模的银行业并购浪潮。由于西方国家的中小企业普遍比大企业更加依赖银行贷款,因此银行业的并购浪潮对中小企业融资的影响就显得格外突出,使该问题成为政府、企业和学术界关注的热点。尤其在银行业非常分散、存在上万家中小银行的美国,禁止银行跨州营业等管制的废除导致了长达15年的银行业并购热潮,为深入研究银行业并购对中小企业贷款的影响提供了大量的经验资料,使美国学者在该领域的研究中取得了许多成果。     

对美国银行业跨国并购的成因分析

20世纪90年代以来,美国跨国银行掀起了一轮并购高潮,规模之大,速度之快,影响之广泛令世人瞩目。90年代上半期,美国银行业所发生的并购案占发达国家总量的74.5％,所涉及的并购案值占发达国家总案值的54.1％。这段时期主要集中在中小银行的并购。到后半期,大型商业银行的并购波澜壮阔的开展起来了。而且从历史上看,美国银行业重组并购从来没有停止过。那么,美国银行业何以在90年代掀起令世人瞩目的并购呢?本文将对此做详细的论述。     

国际银行业并购分析及对我国银行业的挑战

金融全球化导致全球金融市场竞争日趋激烈,为了争夺市场,各国跨国银行都希望通过扩大规模,降低经营成本,提高竞争能力。单个银行的规模效益毕竟有限,跨国并购已经成为扩大银行规模的一条捷径。通过跨国并购来实现银行规模扩张是国际银行业近10年来的明显趋向。在此大背景下,外资银行将会通过并购的方式进入我国银行业,我国银行业也会通过并购的方式实施"走出去"的战略。基于此,对银行跨国并购进行研究就显出重要的意义。     

银行并购中的反垄断问题

对于银行并购中的反垄断问题,学者、政府官员、社会大众往往表现截然不同的观点,令人遗憾的是,这些不同认识并没有随着《反垄断法》的出台得到解决。我国银行业并购的特点当前我国国内银行业的并购活动,大多发生在股份制和城市商业银行、信用合作社等中小银行上,期间经历了行政并购到市场导向的过渡。从1995年起,城市信用社纷纷合并组建城市商业银行。     

银行并购狂潮席卷全球

作为依赖市场和公众信心而生存的银行业,规模大小对其竞争优势具有决定性影响。追求规模经济就成为银行热衷并购的最合理诠释。资料表明,美国几乎所有现存资产超过200亿美元的大银行,都是通过收购合并产生的。     

银行持股公司:风险整合与模式设计

近年来,国际银行业并购浪潮风起云涌,银行机构大型化、全球化、全能化的趋势明显,各国均力图通过并购实现本国银行业竞争优势,在中国特定历史条件下,所形成的国有银行均衡的组织制度无法与非均衡的经济发展相匹配,对旧有的金融组织体制框架的扬弃,极大激发了银行业变革的内在动力,同时为应对加入WTO后的外部挑战,都要求中国银行业在规模效率上的改进,而银行间的并购对从总体上提升中国银行业竞争能力有特殊意义,本文对我国设立银行持股公司的模式作了初步设想。     

寡头垄断、风险竞争与中小银行的发展困境:2001-2006

金融市场开放和改革使我国中小银行得到了较快发展,但也逐步陷入了风险扩张而绩效下滑的困境中.运用基于Stackelberg模型构建的寡头垄断市场银行风险竞争模型来对中小银行发展困境进行的实证研究发现,在资金价格(存贷款利率)受到严格管制的垄断市场中,银行间的竞争将会导致银行体系风险水平与资产规模的不断扩张,而不是经营绩效的持续提升.要使中小银行摆脱发展困境并得到健康发展,必须在培育银行业专业化分工的同时逐渐打破银行体系的垄断格局,推进利率市场化,放开对资金价格的严格限制,使中小银行的非价格竞争劣势转变为价格竞争优势;同时加强对中小银行的监管,为其营造一个公平竞争的市场环境.     

试论银行规模结构与企业规模结构的对应性

银行业的主要职能是服务于实体经济,在服务的过程中,存在银行规模结构与企业规模结构的对应性问题。国家鼓励大银行设立专门机构,服务中小企业,但我国中小微企业近千万家,客观上需要众多的中小银行为之服务,需要金融组织的多元化和融资的多渠道与之相适应。     

我国银行业并购的问题研究

银行业在现代经济中的核心地位及其在企业并购中的特殊地位,使得银行并购颇为社会关注.20世纪90年代以来,随着经济全球化和金融自由化趋势的加快以及国际银行业竞争的加剧,银行间竞争日益加剧,银行传统业务盈利能力下降,银行的并购也成为银行增加自身竞争实力的一种有力手段,本文即是分析我国银行业并购中的一些问题.     

Are private banks more efficient than public banks?

We study whether bank efficiency is related to bank ownership in Russia. We find that foreign banks are more efficient than domestic private banks and, surprisingly, that domestic private banks are not more efficient than domestic public banks. These results are not driven by the choice of production process, the bank's environment, management's risk preferences, the bank's activity mix or size, the econometric approach, or the introduction of deposit insurance. The policy conclusion is that the efficiency of the Russian banking system may benefit more from increased levels of competition and greater access of foreign banks than from bank privatization.     

Failing and Merging as Competing Alternatives during Times of Financial Distress: Evidence from the Colombian Financial Crisis

This paper studies the determinants of individual bank failures and M&A processes in Colombia during the financial crisis of the late 1990s. Using bank-specific data we estimate competing risk hazards models and find that while profitability and capitalization are the most important determinants of the probability of failing, a bank's size, efficiency and capitalization are the main determinants of the probability of participating in an integration process. All else constant, an increase in capitalization reduces the probability of disappearing, whether due to the occurrence of bankruptcy, a merge or an acquisition. However, a marginal increase in capitalization reduces the probability of bankruptcy significantly more than the probability of integration. This study is the first to present a competing risks hazard model to identify covariates that excerpt significant influence on the probability of failing or merging for banks of an emerging economy.     

Bank overall financial strength: Islamic versus conventional banks

A number of recent studies compare the performance of Islamic and conventional banks with the use of individual financial ratios or efficiency frontier techniques. The present study extends this strand of the literature, by comparing Islamic banks, conventional banks, and banks with an Islamic window with the use of a bank overall financial strength index. This index is developed with a multicriteria methodology that allows us to aggregate various criteria capturing bank capital strength, asset quality, earnings, liquidity, and management quality in controlling expenses. We find that banks differ significantly in terms of individual financial ratios; however, the difference of the overall financial strength between Islamic and conventional banks is not statistically significant. This finding is confirmed with both univariate comparisons and in multivariate regression estimations. When we look at the bank financial strength within regions, we find that conventional banks outperform both the Islamic banks and the banks with Islamic window in the case of Asia and the Gulf Cooperation Council; however, Islamic banks perform better in the MENA and Senegal region. Second stage regressions also reveal that the bank overall financial strength index is influenced by various country-specific attributes. These include control of corruption, government effectiveness, and operation in one of the seven countries that are expected to drive the next big wave in Islamic finance.     

Technical efficiency in the Chinese banking sector

This paper applies an innovative DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model, the Inverse B-convex model, in order to investigate the technical efficiency of a representative sample of Chinese banks. The banks are ranked according to their efficiency over the period 1998-2008. The results paint a mixed picture of the Chinese banks' performance. The influence of firm size and ownership on bank efficiency is not observed. However, the study shows that overall efficiency improved over time, especially after the entry of China into the WTO. Policy implications are derived.     

Impact of financial reforms on efficiency of state-owned,private and foreign banks in Pakistan

This article uses a unique bank level data from 1991 to 2000 and evaluates how financial reforms affect banking efficiency of domestic and foreign banks in Pakistan. The results suggest that banking efficiency falls during initial reform period when banks adjust to enhanced competition but increases in more advanced stages of reform. While in general foreign and private banks show superior efficiency and factor productivity than do state-owned banks, the relative performance of foreign banks worsens after the consolidation stage of the financial reforms is over. We show the importance of link between bank size, asset quality and bank branches with efficiency indexes and also note that every 10% increase in share of nonperforming to total loans decreases banking efficiency by 6 to 10%.     

Performance of Thailand banks after the 1997 East Asian financial crisis

The performance of commercial banks and government-owned specialized banks in Thailand is estimated after the 1997 East Asian financial crisis. Commercial banks exhibit increasing returns to scale, whereas government-owned specialized banks exhibit decreasing returns to scale, implying further increases in bank size and market concentration in the commercial bank sector but not for government specialized banks. Cost inefficiency varies by bank and is a function of the ratio of nonperforming loans (NPLs) to total loans, equity to total assets and liquid assets to total assets, as well as the number of branches. On average, banks with fewer NPLs, that are well capitalized and with adequate liquidity are efficient. Thus, stricter rules to regulate credit risk management and ensure capital and liquidity adequacy would enhance efficiency in the banking sector. Although estimated input substitutability appears to be low, labour and loanable fund are substitutes. However, labour and physical capital as well as physical and loanable funds are complements in commercial banks. All the three inputs of labour, physical capital and loanable funds are substitutes for the government specialized banks.     

同业业务发展能提升中国商业银行的效率吗*

本文采用Tobit面板模型，选取了2005—2013年中国16家上市商业银行为样本，研究同业业务发展对银行效率的影响。笔者通过随机前沿法（SFA）估计出银行的成本效率和盈利效率。从全样本的回归结果来看，银行发展同业业务对成本效率和盈利效率都有提升，但在不同时期和对不同类型的银行，影响效果存在差异。2005—2009年，无论是同业资产或同业负债业务对银行成本效率、盈利效率的提升作用都有限。2010年之后，同业负债对银行效率的提高有显著正向作用。不同规模的银行同业业务发展对效率的影响也不同。大型银行在2009年前后同业业务的发展对效率提升起到了较大的贡献作用。中小型商业银行在2005—2009年，无论是同业资产或同业负债业务都对银行成本效率、盈利效率提升作用有限。而在2010年之后，同业负债业务显著提高了银行的效率。     

马克思主义银行理论与中国中小银行发展

只有改革国有银行产权结构与发展非国有中小银行才能提高中国银行业效率和竞争力,完善社会主义银行体系,充分实现银行"普通中介人"职能,促进社会经济建设.     

Determinants of the allocative,cost and scope efficiencies of Indian banks

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the impact of competition on determinants of allocative, scope and cost efficiencies of Indian scheduled commercial banks (SCBs). Specifically, the study, analyzes the impact of the second round of licensing on the efficiency of Indian SCBs. This is the first paper to measure scope efficiency of Indian banks and analyze its determinants. A two-stage analysis is performed on a balanced panel dataset of Indian SCBs for the period 1999–2016. In the first stage, the allocative, cost and scope efficiencies for each bank are estimated following the data envelopment analysis approach. In the second stage, internal determinants of the stated efficiency measures are estimated following the system of the generalized method of moments approach. The findings suggest that competition has not resulted in enhancing the efficiency of Indian SCBs. Among factors that can influence efficiency, it is seen that size does matter. Larger banks can enhance the efficiency of SCBs. It is also seen that having more foreign banks improves the overall efficiency of SCBs. However, before embarking on further rounds of licensing, the study posits that market-driven correction to succeed, it is imperative to address sunspots in the form of investor or borrower repression.     

我国商业银行效率分析——基于超效率DEA和Malmquist指数

效率是银行经营管理的核心,是银行竞争优势的集中体现,尤其在后危机时代,提高银行业的效率也是防范金融风险,实现可持续发展的关键。本文基于超效率DEA方法,运用EMS软件对2004—2009年14家商业银行的效率进行分析,对其均值进行排名;并通过Malmquist指数对银行效率进行分解研究,重点分析金融危机前后的商业银行全要素生产率的变化趋势。结果表明,效率水平总体呈现上升趋势,这与社会经济的发展是相一致的。而四大国有银行的效率不及股份制商业银行,可见,四大国有银行并没有因为资产规模大,而带来更高的收益和绩效;2004—2009年商业银行全要素生产率整体上不断提高,主要得益于技术进步和规模效益,但2009年全要素生产率有所下降,受美国金融危机全面升级所导致的国际国内经济发展衰退的影响,经营风险加大,息差收窄,对银行盈利和效率产生不利影响。