商业银行董事会治理：特征与绩效——基于美国银行业的实证研究

本文以1996—2005年间美国43家商业银行为样本,实证分析了商业银行董事会治理的特征及其对绩效的影响。研究表明:平均而言,商业银行董事会的规模略大于非金融性企业的这一指标,且外部董事的比例较高;董事会规模与银行绩效之间存在非线性的倒U型曲线关系,但外部董事的比例对银行绩效的影响不显著;董事长与总经理两职合一、董事会次级委员会的数量、外部董事拥有的董事席位数均与银行绩效显著负相关;董事会会议频率对当年度银行绩效的影响不显著,但与前一会计年度的绩效之间存在显著的负相关关系;董事持股比例与银行绩效之间存在非线性的关系,而总经理任职年限对银行绩效的影响不显著。     

Banking and Regulation in Emerging Markets: The Role of External Discipline

This article reviews the main issues of regulating and supervisingbanks in emerging markets with a view toward evaluating thelong-run options. Particular attention is paid to Latin Americaand East Asia. These economies face a severe policy commitmentproblem that leads to excessive bailouts and potential devaluationof claims of foreign investors. This exacerbates moral hazardand makes a case for importing external discipline (for example,acquiring foreign short-term debt). However, external disciplinemay come at the cost of excessive liquidation of entrepreneurialprojects. The article reviews the tradeoffs imposed by externaldiscipline and examines various proposed arrangements, suchas narrow banking, foreign banks and foreign regulation, andthe potential role for an international agency or internationallender of last resort.      

A Bidirectional Analysis of Earnings Management and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Effect of Stakeholder and Investor Protection

The aim of this paper is to analyse the connection and possible bidirectional relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings management (EM). Furthermore, we identify the institutional factors moderating these relationships, such as stakeholder and investor protection. The use of the generalised method of moments estimator proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991) for an international sample of 1960 international listed non‐financial companies from 26 countries for the period 2002 to 2010 highlights the existence of an inverse bidirectional relationship between CSR and EM through discretionary accruals. These relationships are especially important in countries where there is significant institutional pressure regarding CSR as a result of their greater stakeholder protection and also in countries with greater investor protection.     

中国转轨时期的管制制度与投资者保护研究

在股票市场的发展过程中，管制制度发挥着重要的投资者保护功能。本文对中国股票市场的管制状况进行了考察，结果发现，管制制度在中国股票市场所发挥的投资者保护作用非常有限。不管是从管制质量还是管制效率上看，都劣于其他转轨国家的股票市场。本文提出了提高我国管制制度投资者保护功能的若干政策建议。     

标准的投资者保护制度和替代性投资者保护制度：一个概念性分析框架

基于在标准的投资者保护制度和替代性投资者保护制度之间做出的区分,本文提出了一个概念性分析框架,并对国有股权的制度安排在中国股票市场发展中的作用进行了初步的解释。标准的投资者保护制度——市场、法律和管制——固然重要,但是对于转轨国家而言,由于缺乏支撑标准的投资者保护制度运转的制度资源,利用替代性的投资者保护制度对于股票市场的早期发展就是至关重要的。     

商业银行董事会在风险管理中的定位和作用

金融危机爆发以来,不少曾经是金融业楷模的国际先进银行相继出现问题,这对我们的理念体系形成了一次冲击,也促使我们对现行的风险管理模式做出反思。商业银行要实现长期可持续发展,风险管理就必须从源头抓起,不仅要完善公司治理结构,更重要的是,深刻地转变公司治理机制,特别要发挥好董事会在风险管理中作用,从根本上解决风险管控的原动力问题。未来的商业银行应实行外部监管     

Bank Capital Regulation in Contemporary Banking Theory: A Review of the Literature

This paper reviews the theoretical literature on bank capital regulation and analyzes some of the approaches to redesigning the 1988 Basel Accord on capital standards. The paper starts with a review of the literature on the design of the financial system and the existence of banks. It proceeds with a presentation of the market failures that justify banking regulation and an analysis of the mechanisms that have been suggested to deal with these failures. The paper then reviews the theoretical literature on bank capital regulation. This is followed by a brief history of capital regulation since the 1988 Basel Capital Accord and a presentation of both the alternative approaches that have been put forward on setting capital standards and the Basel Committee's proposal for a new capital adequacy framework.     

The Asset Growth Effect and Investor Protection in Emerging Markets: The Role of the Global Financial Crisis

The previous evidence shows that firms experience lower returns after a period with higher growth in assets. Two alternative explanations have been raised to explain this effect: mispricing and optimal investment. This study examines this effect in 26 emerging markets over the period of 2005–2013 with a special attention to the recent global financial crisis. We find a stronger asset growth effect during the crisis years relative to other years. This effect is stronger in firms with small or medium stock turnover ratio and firms operating in industries with low R&D intensity. We also investigate the heterogeneity across countries and find that a stronger asset growth effect during the crisis years exists only for emerging markets with low protection of shareholders and creditors. We argue that this evidence is in line with the mispricing hypothesis.     

投资者保护研究综述：财务会计信息的作用

资本市场的信息不对称不仅阻碍了资源的有效配置,而且妨碍了投资者获取投资回报。财务会计信息在投资者保护中具有重要作用,它可以减轻由于信息不对称带来的两个基本问题:信息问题和代理问题。本文提出一个扩展的框架分析财务会计信息在缓解信息不对称、促进投资者保护中的作用机制,以及公司层面、市场层面和国家层面一些重要因素对这种作用机制的影响。在此基础之上,本文综述了近期国外研究中的主要相关文献,并为未来研究提出建议。     

Intensive Board Monitoring,Investor Protection and Segment Disclosure Quality: Evidence from EU

Abstract

This study examined the association between intensive board monitoring (IBM) and segment disclosure quality (SDQ). It also investigated whether this association can be moderated by firm's home country investor protection (IP) level. Based on a panel of 271 non-financial European Union (EU) listed corporations covering the 2007–2012 period, this study estimated two multiple regression models including industry and year fixed effects. We found evidence that the segment disclosure quality is higher when a majority of outside directors serve on monitoring committees. We, also, found that the positive association between IBM and SDQ is more pronounced for firms in a weak IP environment and less pronounced for firms in a strong IP environment. Thus, we provided evidence in favor of a substitutive relationship between IBM and IP level with respect to their association with SDQ. Our findings are evidenced by several robustness tests.     

Advertising and Investor Recognition of Banking Firms: Evidence from Taiwan

This study examines the effect of advertising expenditure on strengthening a firm’s intangible capital and firm value by attracting the public on the firm’s visibility and then investigates the role of advertising expenditures on a banking firm’s market value, liquidity, and breadth of ownership. The empirical results find that the advertising has a significantly positive effect on banking firm’s share value, liquidity, and institutional holdings. Consequently, this study concludes that advertising benefits banking firms through increased investor perceptions of such firms. In particular, the findings provide additional support for the home bias phenomena, in which investors prefer to invest in familiar stocks.     

董事网络、独立董事治理与高管激励

独立董事的治理行为受到所处社会网络的影响。基于"董事在董事会同时任职的直接或间接联结关系"而形成的董事网络,本文利用社会网络分析方法检验了独立董事的网络特征对其发挥在促进高管激励有效性影响中的作用机理。结果发现:公司独立董事网络中心度越高,高管薪酬-业绩敏感性越强;与非国有上市公司相比,国有上市公司中独立董事网络中心度与高管薪酬-业绩敏感性的正相关关系更弱;进一步研究发现,用独立董事网络中心度解释的高管薪酬部分对未来业绩有促进作用。结论丰富了"网络和治理"研究的证据。     

Are Bank Holding Companies a Source of Strength to Their Banking Subsidiaries?

I document evidence that a bank affiliated with a multi-bank holding company (MBHC) is significantly safer than either a stand-alone bank or a bank affiliated with a one-bank holding company. Not only does MBHC affiliation reduce the probability of future financial distress, but distressed affiliated banks are also more likely to receive capital injections, recover more quickly, and are less likely to fail over the next year. Moreover, the measured benefits of affiliation are much larger than those that existed before recent reforms of bank holding company regulation, suggesting that much of the observed benefit can be attributed to regulation and not the market.     

影子银行的发展及其监管

自上个世纪末以来,影子银行快速发展,资产规模已接近传统银行体系。影子银行的风险被认为是造成2008年全球金融危机的重要原因,各国和国际金融机构近年纷纷出台加强影子银行监管的措施,试图改变过去监管缺失的状态。和国外影子银行以资产证券化为核心不同,我国影子银行的主要功能是作为融资渠道。因此,我国要借鉴国外影子发展和监管的经验,正确看待影子银行的作用,引导其规范发展并将其作为银行体系的有益补充。     

The Value of Investor Protection: Firm Evidence from Cross-Border Mergers

International law prescribes that in a cross-border acquisitionof 100% of the target shares, the target firm becomes a nationalof the country of the acquiror, and consequently subject toits corporate governance system. Therefore, cross-border mergersprovide a natural experiment to analyze the effects of changesin corporate governance on firm value. We construct measuresof the change in investor protection in a sample of 506 acquisitionsfrom 39 countries. We find that the better the shareholder protectionand accounting standards in the acquiror's country, the higherthe merger premium in cross-border mergers relative to matchingdomestic acquisitions.     

银行竞争与银行业稳定研究述评

近期有大量文献分别从竞争与银行风险转嫁激励,竞争与银行授信行为, 以及竞争与银行危机传染等不同的角度研究了银行竞争与银行业稳定之间是否存在权衡关系。虽然理论研究和实证研究并未就此达成一致的看法,但某些观点对于制定银行管制政策却给出了新的思路。     

ESG投资能够促进银行创造流动性吗?——兼论经济政策不确定性的调节效应

当前在我国致力于实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的大背景下,银行能否通过ESG投资促进流动性创造,进而推动高质量发展具有重大战略意义。本文利用2009年第一季度至2020年第二季度中国36家上市银行的面板数据,实证分析ESG投资对银行流动性创造的影响,并将其置于经济政策不确定性条件下予以讨论。研究发现:第一,ESG投资整体上促进流动性创造,表现为对资产端和负债端流动性创造的促进作用,以及对表外流动性创造的抑制作用。从ESG投资结构看,环境保护投资和社会责任投资均抑制流动性创造,而公司治理投资则促进流动性创造。异质性分析表明,地方性银行和资本短缺银行的ESG投资对流动性创造具有更强的促进作用。第二,中介机制分析发现,ESG投资主要通过“盈利”和“风险”渠道促进流动性创造。第三,在经济政策不确定性上升时期,ESG投资对流动性创造的促进作用更加显著。从ESG投资分项看,经济政策不确定性会增强环境保护投资和社会责任投资对流动性创造的抑制作用,以及公司治理投资对流动性创造的促进作用。本文结论为充分发挥ESG投资作用并以此推动高质量发展提供了政策启示。     

银行背景董事与可转债融资: 中国的证据

基于我国的金融环境,将银行背景董事的来源分为五大行和非五大行两种类型,以此考察不同来源的银行背景董事对可转债融资的影响是否存在差异。研究发现：来自五大行的银行背景董事对可转债融资申请是否被证监会审核通过不会产生显著影响,而来自非五大行的银行背景董事具有显著的正面影响,但是,在可转债融资后的经营业绩上,两者都不会产生显著的积极影响。这表明银行背景董事的作用,主要来自于非五大行的银行背景董事,并且,发挥的作用有限,仅体现了其咨询功能,而非监督功能。     

投资者保护变迁与会计改革的共生互动性

本文尝试从理论上解析,并以我国的改革实践印证投资者保护与会计的共生互动性。由于会计具有重要的投资者保护功能,投资者保护与会计之间始终处于一种共生互动的协调状态。投资者保护目标的实现需要会计的顺应性支持,而会计也能通过其具体机制的变革和发展服务于这种需要。我国近30年的会计改革实践印证了在政府主导环境下,投资者保护与会计之间的动态协调仍是一个显著特征。     

嵌入投资银行后的银行危机传导模型

基于Sujit模型,通过在支付清算系统内构建嵌入投资银行的危机传导模型,同时考虑中央银行的两种政策对防范少数银行危机蔓延至系统危机的作用,结果发现,少数银行引发系统危机的主要原因在于危机银行影响了与其有着支付清算关系的债权银行的收益和它们的预期信心,中央银行政策对控制危机传导是有效的.