REGIONAL ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING IN THE U.S. OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS–AN APPRAISAL*

This paper discusses the conceptual framework in which regional economic accounts in the United States are viewed and the functions which those accounts serve. It points out that the major differences between regional and national accounts relate to factor returns to capital. First, returns to capital are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to measure meaningfully on a geographic basis. Secondly, because the capital market in the United States is a reasonably perfect one geographically, the return to capital that originates in a given region has little significance as either a stimulant or a constraint to production in that region. In terms of the functions of regional accounts, the point is made that whereas national economic accounts can aid economic decision-making in three general areas of policyallocation, distribution and stabilization—with perhaps greatest emphasis now placed on the last of these, regional accounts are most useful in matters relating to allocation and distribution. Information needed for the use of regional accounts in decision-making with regard to allocation and distribution problems is examined. Against these needs are placed an inventory of regional accounts which are available in the Regional Economics Division, Office of Business Economics. The available accounts are found to fall considerably short of those needed for allocation decisions. In contrast, regional accounts as presently constituted have much to offer as tools for analyzing the problems of regional economic distribution, although here too, much additional information is needed.     

省级区域规划实施评估方法和机制探究

省级区域规划是国家和地方发展和空间规划体系中的重要组成部分。在我国建立更加有效的区域协调发展新机制的实践中,探究我国省级区域规划实施评估中存在的问题,研究和建立更加有效的省级区域规划实施评估的内容、方法和机制,对于进一步落实好省级政府的责任和义务,更好全面、有效实施好省级区域规划具有重要推动作用。文章提出了我国省级区域规划实施评估存在的问题、评估的方法、评估的内容和指标体系,并提出了具体建立更加有效的省级区域规划实施评估机制的建议和设想。     

中国省际经济增长的空间关联网络结构--基于非线性Granger因果检验方法的再考察

文章基于经济增长空间传导的非线性趋势,利用最新发展起来的非线性Granger因果检验技术,对中国省际经济增长的空间溢出关系进行了识别,并在社会网络分析框架下揭示了其网络结构特征。研究发现：（1）线性 Granger因果检验方法严重低估了中国省际经济增长的空间关联性,而采用非线性Granger因果检验方法不仅可以揭示出更多的空间关联关系,而且能够识别出更多可能的空间溢出渠道,这为提升中国经济增长的空间协同效应提供了更多的实证支持。（2）中国省际经济增长从整体上呈现出更紧密的、更稳定的网络结构形态,在中国省际经济增长的最大可能性网络（ML-Network）中没有任何一个省份能够“孤立”于整体网络。“不谋全局者,不能谋一域”,必须从全局的、整体的视角重新审视中国区域经济的协调发展,探寻并创造出更多的空间溢出渠道,发挥经济增长不同板块的不同功能,实现区域经济空间的协同发展。     

组态视角下高技术产业创新效率提升路径研究——一项模糊集定性比较分析

基于2016—2018年中国（内地）28个省级行政区域高技术产业数据，从组态视角出发，借助fsQCA3.0软件，分析产业环境、外部资金支持、区域经济水平对两阶段创新效率的共同作用机理，获得实现高研发与高成果转化效率充分条件的多个等效路径。结果发现，实现高研发效率有4条路径，通过路径分析发现外部资金支持与区域经济水平互为替代，当区域经济水平较低时，高水平政府扶持或外商投资能够实现高研发效率。实现高成果转化效率也有4条路径，其中良好的产业环境或优渥的经济基础是关键要素，区域经济水平与产业结构、企业规模与外部资金支持之间存在一定的替代关系。结论有助于解释以往研究结论差异，为高技术产业创新发展提供理论支撑。     

A MICROCONSISTENT DATA SET FOR CANADA FOR USE IN REGIONAL GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM POLICY ANALYSIS1

This paper describes the sources and methods used in assembling a microconsistent regional data set for Canada for 1981 for use in counterfactual general equilibrium policy analyses focussing on regional impacts of government policies. A microconsistent data set at the regional level requires assembling detailed consistent accounts of production and demand by region, of interregional and international trade flows, and of transactions involving multiple levels of government. For many or most countries, the data requirements associated with regional general equilibrium analysis preclude this form of work. But because of the substantial progress made in recent years in developing provincial data sources in Canada, such as the provincial input-output tables and the provincial economic accounts, the situation in Canada is different. Using these data, it is possible to construct an interregional microconsistent benchmark data set at a suitable level of commodity detail for subsequent model use. This data set has already been used in an initial evaluation of a number of Canadian regional issues (see Trela and Whalley (1985)). The methodology used follows that presented in an earlier paper of ours (St-Hilaire and Whalley (1983)) which described the construction of a 1972 national data set for Canada developed for tax policy analysis.     

我国省际企业自主创新投入产出效率的综合评价

本文利用国家统计局发布的年度大中型工业企业自主创新的统计资料,构建因子分析评价模型,分别对全国不同省份企业自主创新投入、产出状况进行综合评价。在此基础上,进一步对比企业自主创新投入产出综合评价指数、排序位次的变更情况,从而获得企业技术创新投入产出、创新效率的基本评价,并构建出不同省份企业创新效率的四维矩阵。实证结果显示,在技术创新投入要素和效率提升的基础上,实现低投入—高产出将是省际企业自主创新应该共同实现的发展路径。     

我国区域金融经济协调发展的关键问题与对策研究

现代市场经济是一种高度货币化和信用化基础上的金融经济。区域经济结构的转换在很大程度上与区域金融结构的变动有着密切的关系,区域金融经济的协调发展成为我国21世纪经济发展的关键问题。本文首先分析了推动区域金融经济协调发展的若干关键问题,在此基础上提出了区域金融经济协调发展的对策建议。     

中国城乡金融资源配置差异的测度与分析

城乡二元结构是中国经济发展格局的基本特征之一,也是中国区域发展非均衡的主要体现。作为影响城乡二元结构的一个重要因素,城乡金融差距的作用应当值得关注。对城乡金融发展差距进行了深入的分解研究,使用全国数据对中国城乡金融发展的总体差距进行衡量,进而使用省际数据对城乡金融发展差距的省际差异进行分析。     

振兴东北老工业基地与内蒙经济发展区域协作的基本思路

东北三省和内蒙古东部组成的东北经济区,是我国最早形成并在结构上相对完整的大经济区,有着区域经济协作的天然条件和深厚基础。在振兴东北老工业基地的战略规划和实施中,要以区域经济一体化思想为指导,站在地区分工与协作的高度,分析和研究振兴东北老工业基地与内蒙古经济发展的相互关系,区域协作的阻滞性因素、协作的主体领域以及推进三省一区区域经济协作的总体措施,以实现要素区域间优化配置,从而加快振兴东北老工业基地的进程,使东北大经济区成为我国第四经济增长极。     

天津滨海新区区域经济特点、问题与对策

开发滨海新区是天津市经济发展的重大战略决策。经过7年的高速发展滨海新区已经形成了经济区的基本框架,成为天津市经济的龙头。本文综合分析了滨海新区的区域经济特点及其在发展过程中存在的矛盾和问题,在此基础上提出了加强区域经济持续发展能力建设的对策和建议。     

中国大陆物流经济联系空间结构实证分析

区域经济联系的强度和方式主要由物流流量大小及其空间结构综合反映。物流经济联系是指区域间通过交通运输设施、通讯设备等物流基础设施，进行物质交流产生的相互联系与作用关系。以全国31个省区(不包括港、澳、台)作为地域研究单元，从实证的角度，通过各省区物流经济联系的基础设施、发展水平的等级差异测度，分析物流经济联系强度大小的省区差异；通过各省区物流经济联系主导类型的定量分析，反映物流经济联系方式的省区差异；通过省区物流中心城市、主要物流联系通道、区际货流联系范围的空间结构特征定量分析，综合反映区域物流经济联系的点、线、面空间特征。     

REGIONAL POLICY-MAKING AND REGIONAL DATA BASES

This paper deals with regional accounting problems in Finland. Regional policy planning problems and special regional characteristics of the country are discussed as a background to the development of regional accounts. Accounting problems such as regional division, regionalization methods, general and special solutions to problems affecting specific sectors of the accounts, and problems in allocating production across regions are dealt with in the paper. In addition, supplementary data such as state income and expenditure data by region and regional input-output calculations, both of which may be needed in regional policy-making, are discussed. In Finland, both types of data have been included in a regional data bank compiled by the Central Statistical Office. For the future, monitoring regional standards of living and observing differences in welfare and in production by region remain important challenges for the development of regional data systems.     

省级区域生态效率评价及提升路径研究——基于超效率SBM模型和Tobit回归

以2006—2017年中国30个省份面板数据为分析单位,运用超效率SBM模型测算省级区域生态效率,利用Tobit回归模型揭示内部驱动因素,为推进我国绿色区域协调发展提供借鉴与参考。研究表明:省级区域生态效率整体水平不高,低值占大多数,增长较缓慢;区域间差异化显著,发展仍然存在不协调、多极化趋势;从全局自相关来看,莫兰指数均显著为正,省级生态效率呈现正的空间相关性,具有空间集聚特征;回归分析结果显示产业结构、城镇化水平、经济水平是生态效率的主要影响因素,且具有空间差异性。在此基础上针对省级生态效率发展不平衡、多极化趋势及其影响因素,提出相关建议。     

PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING AND MEASURING THE RELIABILITY OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Most developing countries have compiled national accounts on a regular basis only for the last few years. It has not yet been possible for them to collect many of the statistics necessary to obtain good coverage of their economic activities by methods which would generally be accepted as reliable. Consequently the checks on reliability imposed by the framework of the national accounts are often absent, and the accounts prepared contain many estimates of doubtful quality. These doubts can usually only be removed as statistics collected by better methods become available. This is proving to be a slow process, partly because of the shortage of trained statistical staff and the competing demands of social and demographic statistics and partly because of the inherent difficulties in collecting good statistics from small businesses and traditional households. The need to define traditional households as producers as well as consumers leads to our demanding extra information from this difficult sector. In addition it is often difficult for the national accounts statistician, and even more so for the user, to find out in the time available exactly how some of the statistics with which he is presented were obtained. When this cannot be done it is impossible to assess their reliability. Thus assessing the overall reliability of national accounts in developing countries for even a limited range of uses is at present largely a matter of personal judgment. The information necessary to make more objective assessments rarely exists and hence the problems which developed countries face in using such information are not yet within the experience of most developing countries.     

我国省域经济联系的空间格局及其变化

借助空间相互作用重力模型,利用2009和2000年的市区总人口、GDP及公路运营里程等指标,综合测度全国全部287个地级以上中心城市的省域空间经济联系。计算每个省域所辖中心城市相互之间的经济联系强度,并以经济联系强度小于10、介于10—100、大于100三个区段按统一尺度标准,通过ArcGIS软件分别绘制出2009、2000年各省的经济联系空间分布格局图。综合对比发现,区域空间结构与其内部空间经济联系的强弱、联系网络的发育程度有着极为密切的关系,随着空间经济联系由弱到强、联系网络由简单到复杂,区域空间结构也随之由极核式单中心结构向多核心、网络式、一体化方向发展;全国省区的空间经济联系与全国主要城市群可以进行完美的空间拟合,反映出空间经济联系的强弱与紧密程度表征了城市群的演化阶段与发育状况,也说明城市群形成发展的内在机理是其空间经济联系的不断加强与深化。研究表明,我国区域经济发展偏集于沿海的长三角、珠三角与环渤海三地区的三大城市群区域,并且这一不平衡的空间格局仍在持续发展。     

Regional Accounts of India: Methods,New Estimates,and Their Uses

For large economies with substantial regional variation, it is of great importance for policymakers and economic analysis that macro‐economic statistics are broken down by region. This paper reviews the regional accounts in India, discusses their role in Indian federal and state policies, and provides new estimates to cover major data gaps. Statistics on domestic product by Indian state, broken down by industry, are regularly published. But despite demands and recommendations by various commissions and policymakers, a comprehensive system of regional accounts is yet to be developed. New estimates for the period 1993–2010 are presented for saving and the macro‐economic expenditure by Indian states, like final consumption, capital formation, and trade balance. They show, for example, that some of the fastest growing Indian states have increased their saving and investment rates to 50 percent of their domestic product.     

中国旅游经济差异的空间特征分析

以大陆31个省市区为区域研究单元,从经济地理学的角度,分析了1990—2002年中国省际旅游经济差异变化的总体水平及变化的空间结构特征,揭示了区域旅游经济水平与旅游产业地位的分异规律,阐释了影响旅游经济空间差异的主要因素,提出了缩小地区差异、协调地区旅游业发展的对策。     

资本匹配、创新力培育与区域协调发展：理论机制与经验证据

区域协调发展不仅受到资本积累数量的影响,更受到资本匹配质量的制约。在拓展MRW模型的基础上,理论分析“实物资本-人力资本-社会资本”最优匹配存在性与高效经济增长的关系,进一步构建资本匹配程度与匹配质量通过创新力培育实现落后地区经济赶超,进而影响区域协调发展能力的传导路径,并利用中国省级面板数据进行实证检验。结果表明,实物资本、人力资本与社会资本存量之间存在最优比例关系,且资本匹配质量主要通过创新力培育影响区域协调发展水平;资本匹配整体上有利于区域协调发展,东部地区资本匹配度对区域协调发展的促进作用高于中部地区、西部地区;机制检验发现,资本匹配通过组织创新效应实现区域协调发展的解释程度最大,其次为技术创新效应,最后是产业创新效应。     

REGIONAL ACCOUNTS: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE RECENT EXPERIENCE OF ARGENTINA

This paper examines some problems in the recent experience with regional accounts in Argentina. In Section I a detailed exploration of the possibility of an adaptation of the UN System of National Accounts to any one regional division of a country is presented. The proposal is introduced in matrix form, compatible with the SNA. In Section II selected problems in the definition of the concept of residence and their implications, particularly in the production accounts, are discussed. The presentation is based upon examples for the construction sector, interregional transport, the services of public administration, and the branches of public enterprises resident outside the region. In Section III the principal conclusions of the usefulness, possibility and priorities of regional accounts in Argentina are noted.