国际宏观经济理论的微观基础

国际宏观经济领域的研究正逐步成为宏观经济学研究的热点。国际宏观经济学理论的最新发展是建立在Obstfeld和Rogoff(1995)的杰出贡献的基础上的。Obstfeld和Rogoff     

不确定性理论:现代宏观经济分析的基石

自李嘉图之后，经济学理论的构建遇到了两难的选择：经济分析只有排除不确定性和变动才能进行，而经济政策只有仔细考虑到不确定性和变动才有可能实行。凯恩斯的一个重要贡献就是将不确定性牢固地置于经济各阶段的中心，不确定的预期在消费、投资及货币需求三大心理规律起着决定性作用。在当今宏观经济学的演进过程中，对不确定性问题的态度和处理方式已成为划分诸多宏观分支理论的一把标尺，而在经济学层面对不确定性问题的深化，也是未来宏观经济学变革的一个重要方向。     

企业投资决策趋同:羊群效应抑或“潮涌现象”?

文章选取1999-2009年上市公司数据研究了中国企业投资决策羊群行为的存在性及其后果。研究发现,上市公司投资决策存在羊群行为,而投资羊群行为恶化了行业绩效。进一步研究发现,公司治理机制与投资羊群行为显著相关。     

2004年诺贝尔经济学奖得主最优政策的时间一致性理论的介绍

基德兰德和普雷斯科特最早将博弈论引入到宏观经济学中，讨论了宏观政策的时间一致性问题。他们认为政策制定者面对的不是与一成不变的大自然之间的简单博弈，而是与理性个体之间进行的动态博弈，理性个体能够观察并预期到政府政策会随着经济环境的变化而变化，从而使许多经济政策的可信度下降，这时时间一致性问题就会产生。政策制定者应该按规则行事，而下能采取相机抉择的方式，因为相机抉择方式意味着已知现在的情况来选择最优的决策。这种行为或者会导致一致但却次优的计划，或者会使得经济不稳定。基德兰德和普雷斯科特的工作奠定了经济政策可信性和政治可行性研究的基础，宏观政策的时间一致性问题对很多国家的货币及财政政策的现实操作也具有重要的指导意义。     

宏观经济统计分析发展的基本问题

在社会主义市场经济完善发展过程中,宏观经济统计分析的发展对我国政府统计发展具有重要的作用。然而,如何科学发展宏观经济统计分析,特别是在信息社会和大数据时代,作为一个科学的知识体系,其发展的基本问题有哪些？本文研究了以统计学为核心知识体系的宏观经济统计分析发展历史依据、科学思想和有关内容,指出目前是宏观经济统计分析自主发展的重要机遇期。这将对统计学科建设发展和提高统计的社会贡献、社会影响非常重要。本文的研究成果对于提高宏观经济统计分析的科学发展,提升实际应用价值具有重要推动作用。     

当前宏观经济形势与主要特点分析

2009年我国经济经历了大落和大起,实现了率先复苏。预计2009年全年经济增长可达8.4%。宏观经济政策在经济回升中起到了关键性的作用,与亚洲金融危机相比,本次危机冲击的严重性更大。本次危机后,中国经济复苏的步伐要明显快于亚洲金融危机时的影响。展望2010年的经济增长前景,世界经济出现复苏迹象的同时,中国经济增长率有望继续保持上行态势,增长率可达9.3%。在各种因素影响下,2010年的通胀压力将大于2009年,但仍在可控和可承受的范围内。考虑复苏形势仍存在着不确定性和风险因素,2010年仍应坚持积极财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,继续把结构调整、扩大内需和深化改革作为当前主要任务。     

国际贸易理论的重新审视——基于发达国家与发展中国家间的贸易关系

从生产条件到贸易条件,比较优势理论都不适宜解释发达国家与发展中国家之间的分工和贸易关系.决定两类国家之间分工格局和贸易条件的主要因素是技术实力和技术水平的差距.在由此决定的分工和贸易关系中,存在着较强的先发优势和后发劣势的惯性.我国必须通过优化经济增长模式、缩小国内收入分配差距以及加大教育和科技投资等方能使自己摆脱不利的国际贸易地位.     

债务支付拖欠对当前经济及企业行为的影响

在我国当前的经济生活中,债务支付拖欠行为已经成为一种普遍的“强制性信用”现象和恶俗性竞争工具,并对社会经济以及国家的经济调控产生着重要的影响。由于我国一些产业已形成了对债务支付拖欠的高度依赖性,使得债务支付拖欠实际上成为对货币和合法信用的一种恶性“替代”。而且,一旦拖欠成为一种市场竞争的“常规武器”,那么,大多数企业都不得不把“主动拖欠”(有钱也不及时还债)作为一种常规性的经营策略。这就使得整个经济运行处于扭曲的状态。因此,消除或缓解支付拖欠现象必须进行综合治理。     

发展中国家内、外资银行信贷行为差异分析

众多发展中国家的金融改革实践表明,银行业开放的正负效应并不具有显著的国别一般性,特别是在信贷稳定性上,在东道国和外资银行母国经济运行的不同时期,外资银行与东道国国内银行的信贷行为可能存在较大的差异性,进而对东道国的经济金融稳定带来不同的影响。本文从全球范围内抽取了21个发展中国家（地区）和转轨国家中的400余家内、外资银行为样本,以其在2002～2010年间的相关数据构成面板数据集,来对内、外资银行在此期间的信贷行为差异进行检验。研究发现,外资银行的信贷行为确实与国内银行存在着差异性,主要表现在外资银行的信贷增长既表现出与东道国的经济增长显著正相关,又明显受到母国经济状况的影响;在经济正常的年份里,外资银行的信贷表现更多的取决于东道国的经济状况,而当外资银行母国发生经济危机时,却会对外资银行的信贷增长造成较大的负向冲击。     

产业集群发展中的政府行为及政策启示：来自产业集群发达国家的经验

产业集群的蓬勃发展使得集群政策开始成为各地区地方政府推动本地区经济发展和产业成长的重要政策工具。来自国内外发达地区产业集群发展实践中的大量证据表明,政府政策正在成为各地产业集群培育或发展的重要措施。本文将总结美国、意大利等国家推动产业集群发展的成功政策经验,提炼国外先进地区政府运用产业集群的政策启示,为我国地方政府推动本地区产业集群发展提供借鉴。     

发展中国家对外直接投资理论综述

传统观点认为,在对外直接投资活动中发达国家是资本输出的一方,发展中国家则是资本输入的一方。因此,现有的描述和解释跨国公司行为的理论都将发达国家的跨国公司作为研究对象,并将从中得到的结论和规律推广到所有的跨国公司。但是,根据世界投资报告的资料表明:许多发展中国家正在或已经成为资本输出国。既然发展中国家对外直接投资是一个不容忽视的经济事实,那么这些发展中国家对外直接投资的目的是什么?它们的竞争优势何在?他们的投资原因是什么?它们的行为有何特点?这些都有待于经济学家提供相应的答案。为了寻求发展中国家对外直接投资…     

Macroeconomic Consequences of the EMU

European Monetary Union was sold to the German public on the claim that the common currency would make the European economy stronger and that this would yield significant welfare gains. Such claims are commonly based on three propositions. (1) The common currency will be a strong international currency and the real appreciation of the euro against other currencies will make the EMU citizens richer. (2) The common currency will change labor market relations and increase labor market flexibility, and this will reduce the high rate of structural unemployment in Europe. (3) The common currency will create competition among the governments in the dimension of regulatory and tax policies and induce governments to undertake structural reforms which are long overdue, and this will set the EMU economy on a higher growth path.In this paper we discuss these three claims. We agree with the basic ideas of each of them. But the suggested result of a stronger EMU economy remains questionable. The euro may lead to more or to less labor market inflexibility, and competition among governments in the EMU has a high and a low-regulation equilibrium. Where the euro takes the European economy depends largely on the political willingness to engage in reforms.     

Neglected Implications of Neoclassical Capital-Labour Substitution for Investment Theory: Another Criticism of Say's Law

Abstract

Recent mainstream macroeconomic models take Say's Law for granted. This paper argues that the justification for this assumption is not found in general equilibrium theory but in the ‘neoclassical-synthesis’ (and then monetarist) criticism of Keynes, which relies in a fundamental way on a treatment of investment that turns out to depend not only on neoclassical capital-labour substitution (called into questioned by the Cambridge controversies) but also on an assumption of full labour employment that on the contrary should be a result of the analysis. This paper first criticizes the attempt to justify a negative interest-elastic investment function through adjustment costs, that is, without relying on traditional neoclassical capital-labour substitution, with special attention on the treatment in Romer's advanced textbook. Then it proceeds to its new contribution, the demonstration that an endogenous determination of labour employment raises questions about the capacity of decreases in the real wage to raise employment even accepting neoclassical capital-labour substitution, because when the latter is correctly understood the rate of interest does not suffice to determine investment; hence, there is an inevitable role for the accelerator (and Say's Law is thereby undermined). This was perceived by Dornbusch and Fischer but they did not realize that then reductions of real wages will reduce investment instead of raising it. Thus, the ‘neoclassical synthesis’ reply to Keynes is undermined even apart from the inconsistencies of neoclassical capital theory. So the paper exposes a deficiency of the neoclassical arguments in support of a tendency toward full employment, additional to the inconsistencies revealed by the capital critique.     

Functional income distribution and aggregate demand in the Euro area

An increase in the wage share has contradictory effects on thesubaggregates of aggregate demand. Private consumption expendituresought to increase because wage incomes typically are associatedwith higher consumption propensities than capital incomes. Investmentexpenditures ought to be negatively affected because investmentwill positively depend on profits. Net exports will be negativelyaffected because an increase in the wage share corresponds toan increase in unit labour costs and thus a loss in competitiveness.Therefore, theoretically, aggregate demand can be either wage-ledor profit-led depending on how these effects add up. The resultswill crucially depend on how open the economy is internationally.The paper estimates a post-Kaleckian macro model incorporatingthese effects for the Euro area and finds that the Euro areais presently in a wage-led demand regime. Implications for wagepolicies are discussed.     

Empirical macroeconomic model of the Finnish economy (EMMA)

This paper provides a review of the empirical macroeconomic model (EMMA) built for forecasting purposes at the Finnish Labour Institute for Economic Research. The model is quite small, consisting of 71 endogenous and 70 exogenous variables. The number of behavioural equations is 15. The basis of the model is Keynesian, although the model has some novel properties. They are the treatment of the supply side and prices that follow the routes of the neoclassical synthesis. The parameters of the model are estimated from quarterly data that cover the years 1990–2005. The model also contains a Kalman-filtered variable to control the deep recession in Finland at the beginning of the '90s. This special feature brings the model closer to the new calibrated models.     

技术引进与外资利用：促进科技产业发展的战略与政策

本文首先通过对我国外资利用及国内外经济技术竞争的分析．作出基本的判断，在对国内外结构性调整及政策性因素的影响进行讨论后，从宏观发展视角．对我国利用外资中引进技术存在的体制、政策等作出分析；最后，根据跨国企业直接投资将成为未来我国外资主要构成的预期．提出着眼于长远发展利益的我国引进技术和利用外资的战略与政策。     

Demand effects of the falling wage share in Austria

This paper aims at empirically estimating the demand effects of changes in functional income distribution for Austria. Based on a Post-Kaleckian macro model, this paper estimates the effects of a change in the wage share on the main demand aggregates. The results for the behavioral functions for consumption, investment, prices, exports and imports are compared with the specifications of the WIFO macro model and the IHS macro model. A reduction in the wage share has a restrictive effect on domestic demand as consumption decreases more strongly than investment increases. Because of the strong effects on net exports the overall effects of a decrease in the wage share are expansionary. However the latter effect operates only as far as the fall in the wage share increases competitiveness. As wage shares were also falling in Austria’s main trading partners, the effect seems to have been neutralized.