数字时代背景下基层金融消费者权益保护问题探析——基于宁夏固原市3家银行业金融机构的调查与思考

数字时代,随着网络技术、智能手机的普及应用,以及我国金融市场改革发展不断深化,金融产品与服务日趋丰富,金融与科技的深度融合给消费者带来便利的同时,也对金融消费者权益保护工作带来了新挑战。本文立足于宁夏固原市银行业金融机构金融消费者权益保护现状,结合《中国人民银行金融消费者权益保护实施办法》,探析数字时代背景下基层金融消费者权益保护问题,并提出相关政策建议。     

Macroeconomic Adjustment and Poverty in Selected Industrial Countries

The business cycle affects the incidence of poverty, as shownby evidence from Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, andthe United States. Many of the poor in these countries are outsidethe labor market, and transfers are a major source of incomefor many others, but the unemployment and wage reductions thatoccur in recession increase the incidence of poverty. Majorcauses of poverty are unemployment in Australia and the UnitedKingdom and low wages in the United States. Similar cyclicaleffects are observed in Sweden, but a vast transfer programvirtually eliminates poverty. There are several policy optionsfor combating poverty caused by recession. A combination ofunemployment insurance for a limited period followed by a jobguarantee is the most effective policy toward unemployment,whereas poverty caused by low earnings can be remedied by redistributionthrough the tax system.     

How Endowments, Accumulations, and Choice Determine the Geography of Agricultural Productivity in Ecuador

Spatial disparity in incomes and productivity is apparent acrossand within countries. Most studies of the determinants of suchdifferences focus on cross-country comparisons or location choiceamong firms. Less studied are the large differences in agriculturalproductivity within countries related to concentrations of ruralpoverty. For policy, understanding the determinants of thisgeography of agricultural productivity is important, becausestrategies to reduce poverty often feature components designedto boost regional agricultural incomes. Census and endowmentdata for Ecuador are used to estimate a model of endogenoustechnology choice to explain large regional differences in agriculturaloutput and factor productivity. A composite-error estimationtechnique is used to separate systemic determinants from idiosyncraticdifferences. Simulations are employed to explore policy avenues.The findings suggest a differentiation between the types ofpolicies that promote growth in agriculture generally and thosethat are more likely to assist the rural poor.     

间接税亲贫性与代内归宿——穷人从减税中获益了吗?

税收工具作为财政扶贫机制中的重要一环,在推进精准扶贫、精准脱贫上发挥着重要作用。本文基于CFPS2012入户调查数据和中国2012年投入产出表,运用微观模拟方法测算出家庭的间接税负,在此基础上,借鉴衡量经济“涓滴效应”的亲贫增长指数,构建了识别和测度税制“亲贫性”的数量方法,评估间接税的减税政策能否自发惠及穷人,进一步测算家庭不同年龄层的间接税负代内归宿。结果显示:间接税整体上不具有“亲贫性”,其中增值税的“亲富性”最强,减税能让穷人比富人获益更多;儿童、成人以及老人均是间接税的负税人,贫困家庭抚养小孩而承担的间接税负比重高于非贫困家庭,赡养老人而负担的间接税负比重低于非贫困家庭。据此本文认为,继续推动大规模的间接税减税政策、采取差别化的增值税和消费税减免策略、逐步形成以直接税为主的税制结构,是改变间接税"亲富性"和强化税收扶贫职能的有效措施。     

中国财政资金扶贫绩效及其影响因素分析

本文通过构建影响扶贫绩效的理论模型,从理论上分析了财政资金扶贫绩效的影响因素,还通过实证方法研究了贫困地区的扶贫绩效及其动态演化趋势,比较了不同财政资金以及各省的扶贫绩效差异,最后还探讨了扶贫绩效的影响因素。结果发现:财政资金扶贫绩效在近些年整体上呈现出递增趋势,但扶贫绩效仍有待进一步提升,其关键在于扶贫技术进步和技术效率的提升;与其他财政资金相比,中央财政扶贫资金的扶贫绩效相对更高;不同省份的扶贫绩效和扶贫绩效增长速度差异较大,个别省份的扶贫绩效急需提高;地区经济发展可促进扶贫绩效提升,基尼系数对扶贫绩效的影响为负。本文的研究结果表明,中国应当继续坚持综合性扶贫开发工作,完善财政资金扶贫绩效考核体系,在发展经济的同时提高收入分配的公平性,以便为扶贫绩效的提升提供良好的政策环境。     

Optimal Poverty Reduction, Adjustment, and Growth

This article analyzes poverty reduction policies in an appliedoptimal growth framework. Assuming that poverty reduction iseffected through redistribution, it focuses on the static anddynamic tradeoffs between equity and efficiency and on the choicebetween current income and future income (that is, current productiveasset) transfers to the poor. By numerically estimating a stylizedeconomy, it is shown that, given reasonable assumptions aboutbehavioral parameters, the efficiency cost of poverty reductionin an economy on a steady growth path is relatively low. Ina period of adjustment following a severe exogenous shock, however,the scope for redistribution may be extremely limited if thereis a constraint on foreign borrowing. Plausible examples aregiven of adjustment cases in which poverty reduction becomesoptimal only after partial adjustment has been achieved.     

Is American business working for the poor?

At first glance, poverty seems to have little to do with business. When most people--managers included--think about poverty, they assume that people are poor because they are isolated from the mainstream economy, not productive participants in it. But according to Harvard University professors Mary Jo Bane and David Ellwood, this is a misleading image of the true face of poverty in the United States today. Most poor adults--and a full 90% of poor children--live in families where work is the norm, not the exception. Poor people often work or want to work. But at the low-wage end of the American economy, having a job is no guarantee of avoiding poverty. Poverty is a business issue, then, because the American poor are part of the American work force. And this poses a problem for managers. In a more competitive and fast-changing economic environment, the performance of companies increasingly depends on the capabilities of their employees. In response to this human-resource challenge, more and more managers are embracing the language of "empowerment". And yet how can low-wage employees believe empowerment when their experience of work is, quite literally, impoverishment? It is unlikely that American companies can create the work force of the future with the poverty policies of the past. Fortunately, there are some simple policy mechanisms that can assist the working poor without putting an undue burden on business. Enacting them, however, requires managers to see poverty policy as one part of a national human-resource strategy that links the strategic concerns of companies to a broad social agenda.     

旅游扶贫发展的本质及其影响因素

＂贫困问题＂始终是一个世界性的难题,威胁着人类的生存与发展,而消除贫困是人类面临的共同任务。随着旅游业的蓬勃发展,它对社会经济的拉动作用逐渐凸显,人们逐渐开始把寻求解决贫困问题的目光投向旅游业,期望借助旅游业的带动作用找到解决贫困问题的方法。只有真切理解旅游扶贫发展的本质,在旅游扶贫发展实践中才会有的放矢。旅游扶贫发展的对象首先体现在旅游扶贫发展的目标地区方面,其次体现在旅游扶贫发展的目标人口方面。旅游扶贫发展在培育经济增长点,探索脱贫致富新路等领域具有积极意义,但是旅游扶贫发展作为一种特殊的开发、开放扶贫方式,它需要具备一定的发展因素。     

Appraising Workfare

Workfare programs aim to reduce poverty by providing low-wagework to those who need it. They are often turned to in a crisis.This article offers some simple analytical tools that can beused to rapidly appraise the cost-effectiveness of an existingworkfare operation as a basis for deciding whether the programshould be expanded. For pedagogic purposes, two stylized versionsof a range of programs found in practice are analyzed: one fora middle-income country, the other for a low-income country.The cost of a given gain to the poor is about the same for bothprograms, although the components of that cost are very different,with implications for the timing of benefits. The author pointsto program design changes that could enhance the impact on poverty.      

Does Insurance Help to Escape the Poverty Trap?—A Ruin Theoretic Approach

Poverty trapping refers to the fact that poor people in developing countries cannot escape their poverty without help from outside. This is worsened by extreme events, for example, floods or hurricanes, sending people to poverty who have not been poor before. Often, insurance is seen as a way out. This article studies poverty trapping in the context of catastrophic risk and introduces a ruin‐type model, combining deterministic growth with a stochastic loss model. We analyze the properties of the resulting piecewise deterministic Markov process, especially its trapping risk, and discuss for which groups of people insurance can reduce trapping probability.     

Decomposition analysis of distributive policies using behavioural simulations

For policy makers and analysts, it is important to isolate the redistributive impact of tax-benefit reforms from changes in the environment in which policies operate. When actual reforms are motivated by work incentives, it is also crucial to evaluate behavioural responses and the distributional consequences thereof. For that purpose, I embed counterfactual simulations in a formal decomposition framework to quantify the relative roles of (i)?direct tax-benefit policy changes, (ii)?indirect policy effects due to labour supply responses to the reforms and (iii)?all other factors affecting income distribution over time. An application to the UK shows that the redistributive reforms of the 1998–2001 period have offset much of the rise in market income inequality and contributed to a strong decline in child poverty and poverty amongst single parent households. In the latter group, a third of the headcount poverty reduction (and half of the reduction in the depth of poverty) is on account of the very large incentive effect of the policy changes.     

Urbanization: the challenge for the next century

This article summarizes a new 1996-97 report from the World Resources Institute, the UN Environmental Program, the UN Development Program, and the World Bank, which describes a future with increased levels of urbanization that were reshaping the physical and social environment. Urbanization increased economic growth and environmental degradation. By the year 2000, 50% of the world population will live in urban areas. Cities are the center of economic activity. Consumption is the highest in cities. Cities produce the most pollution and waste. Three issues are particularly crucial to survival: the water supply, sanitation, and water resource management. Neglect of these and other environmental issues is likely to have important consequences in both developing and developed countries. The greatest growth in urban areas is occurring in developing countries. Cities in developing countries have huge populations living in poverty. The poor in either rural or urban areas are confronted with lack of access to clean water, to sanitation, and to housing. There is overcrowding and exposure to industrial wastes and air pollution. There is a need for policy reform, stronger institutions, and enlightened political leadership. Cities need to improve their environment and to strengthen local government and implement poverty reduction programs. Reform of urban policies must be accompanied by effective urban governance. Community-based approaches are essential. Broad-based support is needed for changes in strategies and practices and for attainment of a more sustainable environment.     

How Robust Is a Poverty Profile?

Comparisons of poverty, such as where or when poverty is greatest,typically matter far more for policy choices than do aggregatemeasures of poverty, such as how many people are deemed poor.We examine alternative methods for constructing poverty profiles,focusing on their internal consistency and appropriateness forguiding policy. None is perfect, but some methods appear tobe preferable to others when the aim is to inform policies forfighting absolute-consumption poverty. A case study on Indonesiareveals that the country's regional and sectoral poverty profileis highly sensitive to some aspects of measurement but quiterobust to others.     

贫困地区农村金融减贫的财政政策协同效应研究

基于政策协同视角,运用两阶段最小二乘法与工具变量分位数回归法实证考察贫困地区农村金融减贫效应发挥的财政政策协同效应。结果表明:总体而言,贫困地区农村金融有利于减贫,但部分贫困县域的减贫效应并不显著;非贫困地区的农村金融减贫效应明显高于贫困地区;贫困地区财政政策显著抑制了农村金融减贫效应的发挥,且贫困程度越深的县域,抑制作用越大,即两者尚未形成有效协同。     

Changes in Income Distributions and the Role of Tax‐Benefit Policy During the Great Recession: An International Perspective

In this paper, we examine the impact of the economic crisis and the policy reaction on inequality and relative poverty in four European countries: France, Germany, Ireland and the UK. The period examined, 2008–13, was one of great economic turmoil, yet it is unclear whether changes in inequality and poverty rates over this time period were mainly driven by changes in market income distributions or by tax‐benefit policy reforms. We disentangle these effects by producing counterfactual (‘no reform') scenarios using tax‐benefit microsimulation and representative household surveys for each country. For the first stage of the Great Recession, we find that the policy reaction contributed to stabilising or even decreasing inequality and relative poverty in the UK, France and, especially, Ireland. Market income changes nonetheless pushed up inequality and relative poverty in France. Relative poverty increased in Germany as a result of policy responses combined with market income changes. Subsequent policy reforms, in the later stage of the crisis, had markedly different cross‐country effects, decreasing overall poverty in France, increasing it in Ireland, and giving mixed effects for different subgroups in Germany and the UK.     

What Can New Survey Data Tell Us about Recent Changes in Distribution and Poverty?

It has been claimed that in recent times the poor have lostground, both relatively and absolutely, even when average levelsof living have risen. This article tests that claim using householdsurveys for 67 developing and transitional economies over 1981–94.It finds that changes in inequality and polarization were uncorrelatedwith changes in average living standards. Distribution improvedas often as it worsened in growing economies, and negative growthwas often more detrimental to distribution than positive growth.Overall, there was a small decrease in absolute poverty, althoughwith diverse experiences across regions and countries. Almostalways, poverty fell with growth in average living standardsand rose with contraction.     

Fiscal policy and aggregate demand in the USA before,during, and following the Great Recession

We examine the direct effect of federal and subnational fiscal policy on aggregate demand in the USA by introducing the Fiscal Effect (FE) measure. FE can be decomposed into three components. Discretionary FE quantifies the effect of discretionary or legislated policy changes on aggregate demand. Cyclical FE captures the effect of the automatic stabilizers—changes in government taxes and spending arising from the business cycle. Residual FE measures the effect of all changes in government revenues and outlays which cannot be categorized as either discretionary or cyclical; for example, it captures the effect of the secular increase in entitlement program spending due to the aging of the population. Unlike other approaches, FE is a bottom-up approach that allows for differential effects on aggregate demand depending on the type and length of the policy change. Thus, FE is arguably the most detailed and comprehensive measure available of the stance of US fiscal policy in relation to aggregate demand. We use our new metric to examine the contribution of fiscal policy to growth in real GDP over the course of the Great Recession and current expansion. We compare this contribution to the contributions to growth in aggregate demand made by fiscal policy over past business cycles. In doing so, we highlight that the relatively strong support of government policy to GDP growth during the Great Recession was followed by a historically weak contribution over the course of the current expansion.     

Targeting Revisited

Public spending programs aimed at alleviating poverty can eitherbe broadly targeted at categories ofspending or narrowly targetedat types of people. Each approach has benefits and costs tothe poor. It is often claimed that narrow targeting of the poorwill allow governments to reduce pQverty more effectively andat lower cost. But narrow targeting often has hidden costs,and once these costs are considered, the most finely targetedpolicy may not have any more effect on poverty than a broadlytargeted one. Both approaches also have hidden benefits, althoughless is known about their impact. Targeting can help, but itis not a cure-all. Reducing poverty calls for broadly targetedsocial sector spending combined with narrower targeting of cashand in-kind transfers to spec groups. It is also important forgovernments to experiment with schemes that offer better incentives,to carefully monitor the costs and outcomes, and to be flexibleand pragmatic in their policy responses.      

Mental Health Patterns and Consequences: Results from Survey Data in Five Developing Countries

The social and economic consequences of poor mental health inthe developing world are presumed to be significant, yet remainunderresearched. This study uses data from nationally representativesurveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Mexico andfrom special surveys in India and Tonga to show similar patternsof association between mental health and socioeconomic characteristics.Individuals who are older, female, widowed, and report poorphysical health are more likely to report worse mental health.Individuals living with others with poor mental health are alsosignificantly more likely to report worse mental health themselves.In contrast, there is little observed relation between mentalhealth and consumption poverty or education, two common measuresof socioeconomic status. Indeed, the results here suggest insteadthat economic and multidimensional shocks, such as illness orcrisis, can have a greater impact on mental health than poverty.This may have important implications for social protection policy.Also significant, the associations between poor mental healthand lower labor force participation (especially for women) andmore frequent visits to health centers suggest that poor mentalhealth can have economic consequences for households and thehealth system. Mental health modules could usefully be addedto multipurpose household surveys in developing countries. Finally,measures of mental health appear distinct from general subjectivemeasures of welfare such as happiness.     

Where to donate: The geographical distribution of corporate philanthropy in China

An emerging body of literature has demonstrated that corporate philanthropy can be an important part of a company’s business strategy. However, we know relatively little about how companies allocate philanthropic resources to achieve their strategic targets. Using geographical distribution data on corporate philanthropy in China from 2009 to 2016, we provide robust evidence of companies’ revenue-driven regional favoritism. Specifically, companies donate more to regions where they obtain revenue than to other regions. Further evidence suggests that this revenue-driven regional favoritism may have both reputational and political motivations. Further analysis suggests that China’s targeted poverty alleviation policy has compromised revenue-driven regional favoritism while increasing the amount of money donated to poor regions. Overall, we enrich understanding of decision-making on corporate philanthropy. We also demonstrate that companies can use the geographical distribution of corporate philanthropy strategically to obtain consumer and government favor in regions where they operate. The results also provide evidence at the micro company level of the effect of China’s implementation of a targeted poverty alleviation policy.