要素市场扭曲是否激发了中国企业出口

本文从中国要素市场扭曲这一典型事实出发,研究其是否会激励中国企业出口及其对中国经济可持续发展可能具有的负面效应。研究发现:要素市场扭曲激励了中国本土企业出口,同时也激励了外资企业的出口动机,但这种激励效应要小于本土企业;要素市场扭曲程度较高的地区中本土企业的利润率相对较低,且扭曲程度越高,有出口的本土企业利润率越低。这表明要素市场扭曲相对提升了外资出口企业在中国本土市场的竞争力。本文的研究昭示中国到了着力推进要素市场的市场化进程以促进出口导向战略转型的关键时期。     

要素价格扭曲是否提升了中国企业出口多元化水平?

本文全面细致分析了中国企业出口多元化水平,并从要素价格扭曲的角度研究中国企业出口多元化水平的决定因素。结论:中国企业多元化水平呈上升趋势,特别是持续出口的企业;本土企业多元化水平高于外资企业,国有企业多元化水平最高;47%-50%的企业仅出口1-3种产品,48%-57%的企业仅对1-3个贸易伙伴出口,56%-62%的企业贸易关系系数小于10,这说明中国企业多元化水平还有较大上升空间。要素价格扭曲总体上提升了中国企业出口多元化水平,特别是产品多样化水平,这一促进作用对新出口企业、私营企业、大规模企业、政府补贴企业作用更为显著。因此,从多元化角度看,要素价格扭曲在短期具有一定积极意义,但政府补贴、企业规模扩大是发挥这一积极意义的重要制约因素。     

要素价格扭曲对出口的影响——来自中国制造业的实证分析

论文在要素价格扭曲的理论框架下测度了要素价格扭曲程度,并实证分析其对出口的影响,得出以下结论:第一,劳动、能源、资本三种要素价格扭曲的变化在数值上都呈现不断提高的趋势。第二,从要素整体价格扭曲的出口效应来看,要素价格扭曲对出口具有正向效应。第三,从三种要素价格扭曲对出口的影响来看,劳动力价格扭曲对国有企业出口具有正向效应,且该正向效应高于外商投资企业;资本价格扭曲对国有企业出口不具有统计意义的显著影响,而对外商投资企业的出口具有正向效应;能源价格扭曲对国有企业出口具有负向效应,而对外商投资企业出口则具有正向效应。     

要素市场扭曲、交通基础设施改善与企业出口

文章基于Melitz（2003）企业异质性理论构建厂商出口决策模型，利用2005-2007年工业企业数据库，从要素市场扭曲角度分析交通设施影响企业出口的微观机制。研究发现，交通基础设施对企业出口倾向和出口数量具有显著的促进作用，在进入国内市场固定成本大于进入国际市场成本时，地区要素市场扭曲程度越高，交通基础设施的促进作用越明显。聚焦不同所有制的企业可以进一步发现，要素市场扭曲对非国有部门企业的抑制作用更突出，改善交通基础设施通过优化资源配置更有助于带动非国有企业的出口。研究结果还显示，交通基础设施和要素市场扭曲对企业出口的影响存在地区差异，交通基础设施和要素市场扭曲对中西部地区企业出口数量的促进作用比东部地区企业更大。这一结论不受内生性的影响。     

要素市场扭曲对中国本土企业出口行为的影响——出口选择抑或出口数量

要素市场扭曲是影响中国本土企业出口的重要因素,对企业选择更多出口还是选择更高的出口数量具有重要的影响。本文在理论分析要素市场扭曲对企业出口两种成本影响机制的基础上,运用中国工业部门2001~2007年的企业数据,采用Heckman两阶段选择模型实质检验了要素市场扭曲对中国本土企业出口行为的影响。研究发现,要素市场扭曲对企业的出口选择和出口数量具有相反的影响作用,刺激了更多的企业选择出口,但是抑制了出口企业出口数量的提升;分所有制视角的检验发现,上述影响对于非国有企业更加明显;在采用工具变量控制内生性以后,以上结论依然成立。     

要素市场扭曲如何影响创新绩效北大核心CSSCI

本文基于对现有文献的梳理和归纳,提出了要素市场扭曲影响创新绩效的几个假说,利用要素市场扭曲指数及中国高技术产业1997-2009年省际面板数据,采用多种面板计量方法,经验考察了要素市场扭曲对高技术产业创新绩效的影响。结果表明:要素市场扭曲显著地抑制了高技术产业创新绩效的提升,而且对创新绩效较低地区的负面影响尤为突出;在规模较大、外向度较高、经济绩效较好以及技术密集度较低的企业中,其抑制效应较小;企业特征对于要素市场扭曲与创新绩效之间的关系均表现出显著的门槛效应,成为规避要素市场扭曲的创新抑制效应的关键因素。因此,进一步推动中国要素市场发展以及适当改变企业规模等企业特征,对提升中国产业创新绩效及自主创新能力具有重大的现实意义。     

中国出口国内增加值提升的影响因素研究

文章对Upward（2013）的出口国内增加值测度方法进行修正,使用2000～2006年中国海关数据库和中国工业企业数据库的匹配数据,测度中国出口国内增加值。结果表明：中国出口国内增加值呈上升趋势;高技术含量产业、加工贸易企业、外资企业和大型企业等出口国内增加值低于其他类型但提升明显。进一步的实证研究表明：中国出口国内增加值的提升既来自于FDI等外部因素拉动,也来自于服务投入等内部高端要素的推动。因此,中国全球价值链升级政策要进一步促进投资的自由化和便利化,并着力实现向内部高端要素的动力机制转换。     

中国企业存在出口学习效应吗?——基于所有制结构角度的实证研究

本文从所有制结构的角度出发,对出口是否促进了我国制造业企业生产率的提高进行了细致研究。采用1998～2007年中国规模以上制造业企业调查数据,分别从企业所有制虚拟变量的角度,及不同所有制企业资本金密度的角度,对本文的研究问题进行了考察。不管是使用全要素生产率或劳动生产率,本文都得到稳健的结果:出口对于企业的生产率有显著的促进作用;国有企业和集体企业的生产率较低,但随着其资本金比率升高,企业的出口学习能力将进一步增强;私营企业的生产率较高,但其出口学习能力不显著;港澳台投资企业及外商投资企业本身生产率较高,但出口学习能力受到其自身所有制性质的抑制。     

异质性企业全要素生产率与要素配置效率——基于1999～2007年中国制造业企业微观数据的实证分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章基于1998～2007年中国全部国有及规模以上制造业企业微观数据,使用OP法估算了企业全要素生产率TFP。通过对企业全要素生产率分布特点的深入研究,分析我国制造业要素配置效率的状况：2001年入世后,中国进入了全面快速的贸易自由化阶段,短期通过企业的退出和进入机制促进了要素在制造业行业内、企业间快速自由流动,要素配置效率提高,由此促进生产率提高。但是长期来看,贸易自由化没有促进要素配置效率的明显提高,有些行业甚至出现倒退。国有企业的生产率最低,主要原因在于国有企业要素配置效率最低,民营企业生产率居中,要素配置效率却是最高的,再次证实了民营经济是我国最为活跃的经济主体。出口企业比非出口企业有更高效的要素配置效率,因而生产率高于非出口企业,这跟Melitz（2003）的理论预期是一致的,不存在“生产率悖论”的现象。从东中西区域看,东部地区企业生产率均值最高,要素配置效率也最高,但区域之间的差距正在缩小。     

市场分割、出口企业的生产率准入门槛与“中国制造”北大核心CSSCI

本文根据新-新贸易理论构建出口模型,并使用全国各县市的制造业企业面板数据估计出口概率和出口密集度分位数,检验了国内市场分割和企业生产率对企业出口的协同影响机制。研究结果表明,控制市场规模和市场分割后,生产率是企业决定是否出口和出口程度的内在因素,市场潜力具有显著的母国市场效应;市场分割对企业出口产生扭曲激励作用,降低了国内规模经济培育企业出口能力和企业根据自身效率提高出口的内生动力。分位数回归揭示了出口密集度不同的企业对生产率和国内市场依赖的差异。本文既有助于解释"生产率悖论"产生的原因,也为政策研究提供了若干依据。     

Export spillovers and export performance in China

This paper examines the local export spillover effect on the individual decisions to start exporting (the extensive margin) and export volume (the intensive margin), using a unique dataset of Chinese export firms, at the product-level and by destination country. Based on a gravity-type equation estimated at firm-level, we find that export spillovers positively influence not only the decision of a nearby firm to start exporting, but also the volume of the exporting. Several methods are used to verify the robustness of these results. In addition, we find that the effect of export spillovers is stronger when it is product-destination-specific than that when it is either product or destination-specific alone, and also stronger than that is in general. Geographically, local export spillovers exhibit spatial decay in China: the effect is stronger for firms located in the same city than it is for firms outside the city. Small and multi-product firms are more likely to be influenced by the local export spillovers, and their impact is stronger for firms exporting complex goods and exporting to easy-entry countries. Moreover, the export spillovers from private firms are the strongest, followed by foreign-invested firms with the effect generated by state-owned firms ranking last.     

Export Performance and Destination Characteristics of Irish Manufacturing Industry

Recent research has sought to explore whether exporting enterprises have superior performance characteristics relative to non-exporters, and whether such superiority is associated with performance pre- and/or post-exporting. This paper extends existing research by examining the influence of export market destination on firm performance. It explores these issues using micro data on Irish manufacturing between 1991 and 1998, a time period during which Ireland experienced rapid export-driven growth. The study provides further evidence of the superior characteristics of exporters relative to non-exporters and supports the self-selection hypothesis that superior enterprises are more likely to export. We find export destination matters: the performance characteristics of enterprises that export globally differ from those that export locally. JEL no. F14     

Product and destination mix in export markets

This article studies the joint destination and product strategies of exporters, using the universe of export transactions for firms located in Portugal in the period 1995–2005. The article breaks down the annual growth rate of total exports along different margins and details choices made by multi-product, multi-destination firms regarding their export portfolio. In addition, the article looks at similar features for the subsample of new exporters. We find that both the firm-level extensive and intensive margins are important in driving the year-to-year variation in aggregate exports. However, variation over time in the sales of continuing exporters is mainly driven by their sales in continuing destinations. In addition, a product’s export tenure within a firm varies largely across currently exported products in the context of an intense activity of product and destination switching. Moreover, the higher the importance of a product, the more its sales are concentrated in the firm’s top destination. Finally, the article finds that, while continuing exporters enter new markets mainly by selling old products, new exporters access new destinations mainly by exporting new products.     

国内市场一体化与企业出口附加值提升——对构建双循环新发展格局的启示

基于构建国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进新发展格局的启示,文章通过采用商品价格信息数据和微观企业数据,全面系统考察了国内市场一体化与企业出口附加值所反映的双循环机制关系。研究表明：国内市场一体化有利于促进企业出口附加值提升,工业品部门的国内市场一体化对企业出口附加值提升影响更大,工业投入品的国内市场一体化所产生的效果最为突出。国内市场一体化对营商环境较好地区企业和一般贸易企业的出口附加值提升效果更加明显。研究意味着构建双循环新发展格局是后疫情时代应对全球经济衰退的重要战略选择,未来一段时期,推动形成以全国市场一体化为基础的国内经济循环体系,可以作为中国企业提升出口附加值促进国际循环的重要途径。     

FDI,Export Sophistication,and Quality Upgrading: Evidence from China's WTO Accession

This paper identifies a positive effect of FDI liberalization on manufacturing export sophistication, exploiting China’s adjustment of its Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries upon its accession to WTO. It further investigates the underlying causes in the lines of firm ownership type, trade mode, product type, and intensive vs. extensive margins. The positive effect comes from, e.g., the increase in the export share of foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) and firms with processing trade, and the increase in the export sophistication of privately-owned enterprises (POEs), of ordinary trade, and of intermediate goods. The intensive margin rather than extensive margin is accountable for the effect. Liberalizing FDI does not seem to have any significant effect on product quality.     

Firm size-specific trade effects of regional trade agreements: Estimating extensive and intensive margins of trade

We estimate the impacts of Korean firms’ participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs) on the extensive and intensive export margins by identifying exporting firms based on their firm size—small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs) at the 5 399 HS six-digit commodity level—and specifying characteristics of RTAs from 2004 to 2015. We apply the EK Tobit estimation technique to control zero trade and the OLS estimation with importer-product and time fixed effects to alleviate the endogeneity problem. We find that firm size, product type, and depth of RTA significantly matter. Specifically, we find that deeper RTAs with larger, developing, and closer members significantly enhance the export creation effects of SMEs and LEs. Regarding the firm size-specific effects, we find that SMEs are less sensitive to exploiting RTA participation but more sensitive to the import market size, bilateral and relative trade costs, and the RTA characteristics. LEs’ export creation is mainly driven by the intensive margin, while SMEs’ export creation is driven by extensive and intensive margins (slightly more by the extensive margin). For the product-specific effects, we find that Korea's major exportable products such as chemicals, basic metals, motor vehicles, and transport equipment generate significantly strong export creation effects for both LEs and SMEs through their participation in RTAs.     

Competitive effects of trade: theory and measurement

In this paper, I develop a simple model of heterogeneous exporters to a single destination. This model highlights how the response of producer markups to market-level changes in that destination are intrinsically tied to the induced reallocation of export sales to that destination. I discuss how additional assumptions on the shape of demand (originally advocated by Alfred Marshall as his second law of demand) generate specific predictions for the response of those markups and induced product reallocations to increases in market size and competition in a destination: markups fall and market shares are reallocated towards better performing products. Recent evidence on French multi-product exporters strongly confirms this prediction for market share reallocations. The predictions for the markup responses are also consistent with the findings of the large empirical literature on pricing to market and incomplete pass-through.     

How responsive is Chinese export supply to market signals?

This paper studies the behavior of Chinese exporters from the mid-1980s through 2001. Extensive quarterly data on values and quantities of major export products have been taken from Chinese customs statistics to form a panel data set and aggregate export unit price and volume indices. The data are used to estimate export supply price elasticities, including by industry groups. The overall results indicate an increase in the responsiveness of export supply to market price signals in more recent periods following reforms.     

Do High-technology Exports Cause More Technology Spillover in China？

The volume of China’s high-technology exports has grown sharply since the implementation of its export promotion strategy "Revitalizing Trade through Science and Technology" in 1999.This paper investigates whether technology spillover effects are greater for hightechnology exports than for primary manufactured goods exports.We present a generalized multi-sector spillover model to identify both between spillover effects from exports towards non-exporters and within-spillover effects among export sectors.Using panel data for 31 provinces in China over the period from 1998 to 2005,we find that although high-technology export sectors have higher productivity compared with other sectors,this productivity advantage does not lead to technology spillover to both domestic sectors and other export sectors,and export technology spillover mainly derives from traditional export sectors rather than high-technology export sectors.As such findings can be largely attributed to the fact that China’s high-technology exports depend significantly on processing trade by foreign- invested firms,policy implications are discussed in relation to how to best promote the role of China’s high-technology exports during economic expansion.