MEXICO Wants to Attract Chinese Tourists

Though last year many countries were affected by the global financial crisis, tourism in Mexico enjoyed an increase of 5% in 2008. Aiming at attracting more Chinese tourists to Mexico, on April 7, 2009, Ambassador Jorge Guajardo together with Mr. Eligio Serna, China Director of the Mexico Tourism Board, held a conference to introduce Mexico Travel in Mexico Embassy to China, Beijing.     

中国和墨西哥贸易关系的实证分析

本文通过对中国和墨西哥双方的经贸关系进行实证分析,探讨双方究竟在多大程度上存在着竞争关系,双方有无合作的可能性。主要结论是中国和墨西哥在某些领域存在着事实上的竞争关系,但是合作的前景也很广阔。     

WTO中国税收优惠措施案的启示

2007年2月,墨西哥在WTO框架内就中国退还、减轻或免除税收及其它应付款项一案提出磋商,指控中国违反《补贴与反补贴措施协定》、《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》等多项WTO协议。从目前的证据来看,中国政府的部分税收及其它优惠措施的确构成了"禁止性补贴"和"当地含量"投资措施。新企业所得税法的颁布使中国政府的部分税收优惠措施由"可诉补贴"转为"不可诉补贴"。中国政府应结合新企业所得税法实施细则及其它税收优惠办法的制定,加快税收、投资等行政法规规章的清理。     

The Honeymoon of China and Mexico

For China and Mexico, the just past July 2008 is their ＂honeymoon＂, as their relations have been consolidated by a series of big events. Only three days later after Mexican President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa met his counterpart Hun Jintao at G8, he paid an official visit to China on July 9, and agreed with Chinese top leaders on some significant issues. It was the first China tour that Calderon paid since he took office in December 2006.     

The Effect of the Chinese Economy on Mexican Maquiladora Employment

During the last five years the maquiladora industry of Mexico has seen a slowing of the rapid growth experienced during the 1990s. The maquiladora expansion has been linked to U.S. foreign direct investment. Additionally, China has become a major receptor of U.S. investment for the production and export of manufacturing goods. This study estimates the impact of the industrial activity of the United States and China on employment demand in the maquiladora industry of the northern border states of Mexico. Using data on industrial activity, real hourly wages, and the real exchange rate as a proxy of Mexican competitiveness, a bounds test cointegration analysis is developed. The results show that the variables affecting external demand have impacted the maquiladora employment trend negatively, while wage differentials and the exchange rate tend to encourage maquiladora activity.     

世界番茄的贸易格局分析

本文以世界番茄贸易的格局为研究对象,通过对近年番茄贸易的情况进行分析后认为,欧洲和北中美洲是番茄贸易较多发生的地区,西班牙、墨西哥和荷兰是世界三大番茄出口国,美国、德国、法国等西欧和北美国家是主要进口国,不同国家番茄出口价格差异明显;发达国家在番茄出口中占据主导地位,同时欧美国家之间番茄产业内贸易活跃。我国是世界最大的番茄生产国,番茄出口位居世界前列,研究世界番茄进出口贸易格局,分析国际市场的需求和竞争特点,有利于保持和提高我国这一产业在国际市场上的竞争力。     

WTO成员限制自然资源产品出口的权利——中国原材料出口措施案评述

2009年,美、欧、墨在WTO对我国提起了原材料出口措施案。由于我国入世时承担了广泛的义务,能否获得GATT第20条例外是成败的关键。在WTO法理上,我国完全有力争的依据。在当前WTO体系下,自然资源产品贸易自由化,既缺乏规则依据,也缺乏成员间的共识。我国必须坚持控制自然资源产品出口的主权权利。即便败诉,也只需修改法律或政策的具体设计,既不能也不必放开自然资源产品出口。     

中国稀土出口管制的国际传导机制及效应研究

稀土出口管制的目的在于保护战略性资源和保护生态环境。中国实施的稀土出口管制政策从数量、价格和信息3个传导机制对国际稀土市场产生影响。随着稀土管制强度的不断加大,中国稀土出口的地区结构及世界稀土出口的国别结构均发生了显著变化。管制政策给世界稀土贸易带来了显著的替代效应、创造效应和结构效应。澳大利亚、墨西哥和印度对中国稀土的替代效应尤为显著。香港和新加坡的稀土转口贸易比以前更为活跃。     

我国上市公司控制权私利及其影响因素分析

利用我国上市公司1997—2006年控制权交易溢价数据,本文度量了我国上市公司的控制权私利规模,发现我国控制权私利高于发达国家,但低于捷克、巴西、墨西哥等转轨和新兴市场国家。文章还对影响我国控制权私利规模的因素进行了实证检验,证明控制权买方特征、公司的负债率、公司规模和流通股占比对控制权私利具有显著影响。     

A PRACTITIONER'S DECISION MODEL FOR THE TOTAL COST OF OUTSOURCING AND APPLICATION TO CHINA,MEXICO, AND THE UNITED STATES

Outsourcing of manufacturing to Mexico and China includes costs that are not always considered and benefits that are not always correctly quantified. An analytical model for determining outsourcing costs was developed and results from that model are presented. Using that model, the sensitivity of outsourcing costs to several variables was modeled and analyzed. Guidance is provided regarding factors to consider in an outsourcing decision.     

Thoughts on Intellectual Property Rights Lawsuits

The Sino-US intellectual property rights lawsuit between China＇s General Pro- techt Technology Group and U.S. electrical giant Leviton has been eyes-catching in both China and the U.S. After three years of close quarter battles, on July 10, 2007, Federal District of New Mexico Judge James Browning awarded summary judgment of non-infringement, in favor of GeneralProtecht, ending Chinese companies＇ winning drought in US patent litigations. The order found that the General Protecht GFCI （ground fault circuit interrupters） devices at issue do not infringe upon Leviton＇s asserted patent No. US6.246.558. On July 26, the lawsuit was withdrawn. This is the first time a Chinese company actually won the intellectual property case. After over 1,000 day of waiting, endless money spent, finally, we won!     

服务贸易能平缓经济冲击吗——基于美国经济波动跨国传导的研究

服务贸易在经济波动跨国传递中的冲击分解为需求冲击、供给冲击和名义冲击后,并运用美国与各东道国的双边服务贸易数据进行考察。结果发现:服务贸易占总贸易额的比例以及东道国对服务贸易的开放程度对于服务贸易是否可以成为经济波动的跨国传导机制至关重要;服务贸易对东道国的需求冲击效应(反向冲击)占了主导地位,明显大于供给冲击(正向冲击)与名义冲击(正向冲击)效应的总和;服务贸易对东道国经济的净冲击方向与其他经济波动传导机制的冲击方向刚好相反,大小基本相同,而服务贸易冲击相对滞后。据此,可充分发挥服务贸易的逆向冲击作用,构筑缓和外部经济冲击的服务贸易"稳定器"政策。     

Sourcing patterns of export‐platform foreign affiliates: The case of Japanese affiliates in Mexico

This study investigates the sourcing patterns of Japanese export‐platform foreign affiliates in Mexico, which mainly export to the United States and Canada. We propose a novel approach to estimate intermediate input elasticities of exports by sourcing country. We find that, on average, Japanese export‐platform foreign affiliates in Mexico source intermediate inputs from third countries, including the United States and Canada, rather than from Japan and Mexico, suggesting that Japanese export‐platform foreign affiliates in Mexico are mainly integrated into the vertical production networks back and forth between Mexico, the United States and Canada. In turn, Japanese foreign affiliates selling domestically in Mexico source intermediate inputs not only within the North American Free Trade Agreement countries but also from Japan. In addition, we find that export‐platform foreign affiliates in Mexico use more labour‐intensive production than do foreign affiliates selling domestically in Mexico. This suggests that saving labour costs is one of the motives for export‐platform foreign direct investment in Mexico.     

中国出口品技术含量测度及其差异分析——基于产品内贸易分类的跨国数据

文章按照世界银行2006年人均GNI分组标准选取了32个国家或地区为样本,在SITC Rev2的3位码分类水平下,采用杜修立、王维国对Hausmann等人修正后的方法,测算了1996-2009年各国出口品技术含量。结果发现:中国出口品技术含量与英国、德国等高收入国家差距较大,与墨西哥、阿根廷等上中等收入国家的差距明显,不敌于金砖国家中的南非,低于东盟的新加坡,在可观测样本中仅居于下中等水平。鉴于此,文章认为中国是外贸大国但绝非外贸强国。未来中国由贸易大国迈向贸易强国的过程中,在高技术领域我们会受到高收入国家的阻击;在中低技术领域,金砖国家和东盟是我们的竞争对象。     

Trump: Reckless Free Trader or Genuine Protectionist?

The question that remains unanswered is whether Trump’s tariff strategy is a tactical one, intended to wring concessions from China, Germany, Mexico and others, or whether it represents a genuine abandonment of the U.S. commitment to free trade that dates back to the mid-1930s. The answer will determine whether the Trump tariffs prove to be a minor skirmish, or trigger a major trade war that will rip apart the fabric of global trading rules.     

An Analysis of U.S. Multinationals’ Recruitment Practices in Mexico

The frequency of discriminatory language in job advertisements placed by U.S. multinational corporations operating in Mexico was compared with that of Mexican companies using content analysis. A sample of 300 ads placed by companies from each culture was analyzed and coded by two groups of coders to calculate the frequency of discriminatory language in the job ads with respect to age, gender, physical appearance and marital status. Results of a chi square analysis revealed that U.S. multinationals firms in Mexico utilize discriminatory language in job ads less frequently in the categories of age, gender and marital status. This result suggests that the legal and cultural framework of the country of origin of U.S. enterprises in Mexico may be influencing their actual recruitment practice in Mexico, and in turn, help them in setting a positive example of non-discrimination in recruitment among their Mexican counterparts.     

Doing business in Brazil: A strategic approach

Brazil has the largest economy in South America, and the second largest in Latin America, offering one of the most promising markets in the world. Along with China and India, Brazil is ranked among the nations with the highest predicted development rates in the next 25 years. In the early 2000s, Brazil accounted for 56% of all foreign direct investment flows to South America and 52.5% of the foreign direct investment stock in South America. Brazil is also a key player in the design and development of the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA), which is scheduled to be effective by 2005. The FTAA is expected to be the world's largest regional trading block. In 2002, Brazil was ranked twelfth amongst the largest economies in the world. Brazil is one of the world's “Big Five” emerging markets, along with China, India, Mexico, and Indonesia. In the past decade, Brazil was second to China among emerging economies for received foreign direct investment. This article elaborates on the main aspects of doing business in Brazil and discusses some of the challenges and opportunities facing the Brazilian economy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An Analysis of U.S. Multinationals’ Recruitment Practices in Mexico

The frequency of discriminatory language in job advertisements placed by U.S. multinational corporations operating in Mexico was compared with that of Mexican companies using content analysis. A sample of 300 ads placed by companies from each culture was analyzed and coded by two groups of coders to calculate the frequency of discriminatory language in the job ads with respect to age, gender, physical appearance and marital status. Results of a chi square analysis revealed that U.S. multinationals firms in Mexico utilize discriminatory language in job ads less frequently in the categories of age, gender and marital status. This result suggests that the legal and cultural framework of the country of origin of U.S. enterprises in Mexico may be influencing their actual recruitment practice in Mexico, and in turn, help them in setting a positive example of non-discrimination in recruitment among their Mexican counterparts.     

Strategic Commitment and Timing of Internationalization from Emerging Markets: Evidence from China,India, Mexico,and South Africa

In a study of 257 new ventures from China, India, Mexico, and South Africa, we find support for the mediating effect of strategic early internationalization on international sales intensity. We argued that when new ventures from emerging markets internationalize early and with commitment, the legitimacy they acquire helps them overcome liabilities of newness and foreignness. We develop a typology of international new ventures that, based on strategic intent and timing of internationalization, distinguishes strategic early internationalizers from persistent, serendipitous, and long‐term internationalizers. We show that strategic early internationalization accounts for over half of the explained variance in international sales intensity and either fully or partially mediates the effects of managerial knowledge and market orientation on international sales intensity.     

Bankers, Industrialists, and their Cliques: Elite Networks in Mexico and Brazil during Early Industrialization

The historiographies of Mexico and Brazil have implicitly statedthat business networks were crucial for the initial industrializationof these two countries. Recently, differing visions on the importanceof business networks have arisen. In the case of Mexico, theliterature argues that entrepreneurs relied heavily on an informalinstitutional structure to obtain necessary resources and information.In contrast, the recent historiography of Brazil suggests thatafter 1890 the network of corporate relations became less importantfor entrepreneurs trying to obtain capital and concessions,once the institutions promoted financial markets and easy entryfor new businesses. Did entrepreneurs in Brazil and Mexico organizetheir networks differently to deal with the different institutionalsettings? We examine whether in Mexico businessmen relied moreon networks of interlocking boards of directors and other informalarrangements to do business than in Brazil. Our hypothesis isconfirmed by three related results: (1) the total number ofconnections (i.e., the density of the network) was higher inMexico than Brazil; (2) in Mexico, there was one dense corenetwork, while in Brazil we find fairly dispersed clusters ofcorporate board interlocks; and most importantly, (3) politiciansplayed a more important role in the Mexican network of corporatedirectors than their counterparts in Brazil. Interestingly,even though Brazil and Mexico relied on very different institutionalstructures, both countries had similar rates of growth between1890 and 1913. However, the dense and exclusive Mexican networkmight have ended up increasing the social and political tensionsthat led to the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920).