土地价格和享乐评价方法

本文介绍了享乐价格理论的基本模型及享乐价格函数的估计（包括自变量的选择、自变量和因变量资料的收集及函数形式的选择）,结合我国的具体情况,讨论了享乐方法的应用可能性。为了进一步明确享乐方法应用条件,讨论了享乐方法应用的前提假设,最后,作者认为享乐方法可以成为城市地价评估的手段之一。     

ESTIMATING SPATIAL CONSUMER PRICE INDICES THROUGH ENGEL CURVE ANALYSIS

In this paper we propose a method of estimating spatial multilateral price index numbers from cross‐section consumer expenditure data on different items using Engel curve analysis. The novelty of the procedure is that it overcomes the problem of data inadequacy, a problem that is shared by most of the developing countries. The procedure does not require item‐specific price/unit value data and price index numbers can be calculated from consumer expenditure data grouped by per capita income/total consumer expenditure class in a situation where unit level data are not available. To illustrate the method, we use published state‐specific data of the 50th round (1993–94) and 55th round (1999–2000) consumer expenditure surveys of India's National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) and calculate the spatial consumer price index numbers for 15 major states of India, with All‐India taken as base, separately for the rural and the urban sector for each round.     

A HEDONIC PRICE INDEX FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL

Our research takes an exhaustive approach to measurement issues in price index construction for the BLS airfare index. We pursue a number of the objectives for dealing with the biases that the 1997 CPI Commission recommended and detail a protocol for data collection and analysis that can be replicated and can be enhanced by availability of additional data sources. We find an upward bias in the BLS airfare index over the period considered. However, because of issues of practicality and implementability of the methods we utilize in our analysis, the goals of the Commission recommendations remain illusive and problematic in being more broadly applied to other components of the CPI.     

ELEMENTARY AGGREGATES, MICRO-INDICES AND SCANNER DATA: SOME ISSUES IN THE COMPILATION OF CONSUMER PRICE INDICES

The paper argues for the use of scanner data from EPOS systems for use in the compilation of consumer price indices. A number of methods of calculating micro-indices from such data are outlined. Scanner data for colour television sets in the U.K. are used as an example. The Tornqvist chained index is used as a benchmark against which alternative formulations, including those based on representative products, can be judged, the errors often being substantial. The paper argues for the use of scanner data, illustrates methods of compiling micro-indices and points to the potential for serious errors from conventional methods.     

INFLATION ACCOUNTING FOR THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY RESULTS USING DIFFERENT DEFLATOR PRICE INDICES

The purpose of inflation accounting as proposed by Jack Hibbert¹ is to show the changes in purchasing power of the assets and liabilities by sectors resulting from general price movements. This paper shows the results of inflation accounting for the Federal Republic of Germany on the basis of complete balance sheets for the sectors "Private households,""Enterprises,""General government" and "Rest of the world" in 1980. It is evident that the results of inflation accounting depend to a high degree on the kind of price index which is used as an indicator of the changes in the purchasing power of money in general. The price index for inflation accounting should in general be selected according to the aim of the analysis. On the other hand, however, the validity of the results of inflation accounting depends on and is limited by the price index chosen for that purpose. The figures presented also show that the results of inflation accounting depend to a high degree on whether estimates of the value of tangible assets are included or not. This holds for reproducible tangible assets as well as for land.     

MEASURING WEALTH WITH SURVEY DATA: AN EVALUATION OF THE 1983 SURVEY OF CONSUMER FINANCES

Because wealth estimates from survey data have usually fallen substantially short of independent aggregate estimates, survey data have not been seen as adequate for assessing questions dependent on a good representation of the entire distribution of wealth, such as estimates of wealth concentration. The 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), which contains a supplementary sample of very high income households drawn from a tax-file sample frame, is the first U.S. survey since the 1963 Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers that offers hope of accurately measuring the entire wealth distribution. In this paper, we discuss the design of the survey, the critical issue of proper weighting to merge the supplementary sample with an area probability sample, and the role of imputation. We show that the use of ordinary area probability samples alone leads to probable bias in the measurement of highly concentrated assets such as stocks and bonds. We compare the SCF data with aggregates derived from the flow-of-funds accounts of the Federal Reserve Board. While methodological issues cloud exact comparisons, it appears overall that the SCF estimates are at least as credible as other aggregate measurements. Finally, we use the data to assess the change in concentration of wealth from 1963 to 1983. We estimate that the concentration of wealth in terms of households did not change significantly over this period.     

基于特征价格模型的城市住宅用地出让价格影响因素研究

通过借鉴国内外特征价格模型的理论研究和实证研究成果,构建反映城市住宅用地市场现状的土地特征价格模型,并对2007—2009年南京市公开出让的156块住宅用地的出让价格进行实证研究,进而探讨城市住宅用地出让价格的影响因素及其影响机制。结果表明:①城市中心影响度、土地交易条件、土地交易方式、容积率、政府公共服务设施、医院、企业、金融密集度、公交站点、时间因素对南京市城市住宅用地出让价格有显著影响,并且城市中心影响度为负向影响;②邻里特征对城市住宅用地土地出让价格的贡献率为53.4%,个别特征为31.1%,区位特征为9.7%,其它特征为5.8%;③公交线路对城市住宅用地出让价格影响最大,其次分别为政府公共服务设施、金融密集度、企业、土地交易方式、医院、城市中心影响度、土地交易条件、容积率。据此,从转变土地管理部门职能、科学确定住宅用地出让价格、合理地确定住宅用地价格指数、完善城市基础设施建设等方面提出相应的政策建议。     

消费传导视角下资产 价格对物价水平的影响

本文在生命周期-持久收入（LC PIH）模型基础上分析了资产价格波动对居民消费及物价水平的影响，发现资产价格波动可以通过预算约束效应、实际收入效应、预期收入效应与替代效应四个渠道影响资产持有者的消费行为，进而影响物价水平。在此基础上，本文运用ARDL UECM模型实证分析了资产价格对物价水平的影响，实证结果发现股票、房地产价格在长期内与物价存在相关关系，房地产价格是影响物价水平的重要因素，但股票价格对物价的影响不显著且不稳定。     

城市住宅特征价格分析:对杭州市的实证研究

由于住宅产品的异质性,国外学者广泛使用特征价格模型分析城市住宅市场。特征价格模型的理论基础主要由Lancaster偏好理论和Rosen的产品特征市场供需均衡模型两部分组成。在访谈的基础上,选择了18个住宅特征作为模型的自变量,基于线性函数形式构建了杭州市住宅特征价格模型。采用杭州市2 473个住宅样本数据和290个住宅小区的实地调查资料对模型进行了估计,发现就整个住宅市场而言,14个住宅特征对住宅价格具有显著影响,并且影响程度有差异。同时,根据特征价格对14个住宅特征的影响程度进行了排序,并分为四类。     

基于Hedonic模型的城市地价空间结构分析——以湖南省娄底市为例

以湖南省娄底市为研究区域,利用地统计学中的Kirging空间插值方法模拟了娄底市地价的空间布局,揭示了地价的空间结构特征,结果显示:地价是由市区中心依次向外围递减,且土地利用类型呈现商业、住宅、工业的梯次变化;地价的分布在空间上不仅具有连续性,同时还存在着一定的空间变异性。在此基础上,建立Hedonic特征价格模型对影响全部用途和商业用途地价的主要因素进行了分析研究。     

ASSESSING THE VALUE OF ECONOMICS RESEARCH: THE CASE OF THE BIAS IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

Economists provide sometimes contradictory information about economic systems that contribute to policy design. How does one value this type of knowledge? A political‐economic game is presented that allows for reinforcing and contradictory research messages. Policy makers are assumed to follow a Bayesian decision theory process and the model is tested with quantitative estimates of the value of research on the degree of bias in the Consumer Price Index. Most economists agree that a bias exists, but published estimates vary widely. A blue‐ribbon panel of economists recommended revisions to how the index is calculated, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics subsequently made revisions that differed from their original plans, but how much influence did the panel really have on the revisions? (JEL Z00)     

小城镇土地可持续利用评价指标体系研究

“小城镇·大战略”。小城镇建设中土地是最关键、最基本的问题,其持续利用是实现社会可持续发展的基础。文章分析了小城镇土地可持续利用的含义,可持续评价的原则,采用从定性到定量的方法对小城镇土地可持续评价指标体系进行了构建,对小城镇土地利用研究进行了有益的探索。     

AN EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL INCENTIVE POLICIES FOR ORGAN DONATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

This paper examines the association between financial incentives and organ donations. Although the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prohibits financial compensation for organs for transplant, we focus on the impact of laws that influence the relative cost of deceased and live organ donations on the supply of organs for transplant. First, we hypothesize that states that have relatively stringent funeral regulations, which have been associated with higher whole‐body donations, will have fewer organ donations. Second, we examine the impact of two common state laws that offer financial compensation to live donors: one that allows a tax deduction for costs incurred and the other which entitles government employees up to 30 days of paid leave. We find no evidence to support that these laws affect organ donations. (JEL I11, I18)     

A CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR SWEDEN, 1290–2008

This paper presents a Consumer Price Index for Sweden 1290–2008. Constructing an index that covers more than seven centuries poses conceptual and empirical problems, and demands some methodological innovations. For example, during numerous occasions the currency unit was changed, and in some periods multiple currencies were used at floating exchange rates relative to each other. This paper also presents two different price indices, one that mainly serves the purposes of estimating real prices and real wages, and another that provides a measure of inflation. While the former follows the main currency unit, the latter also takes into account that debased coins were devalued during recoinage.     

THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF PROTECTING INVENTORIED ROADLESS AREAS: A SPATIAL HEDONIC PRICE STUDY IN NEW MEXICO

The objective of this paper is to examine the off‐site benefits, as capitalized into housing values, of protecting 1.6 million acres of Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs) in the state of New Mexico, United States. In light of petitions filed by various U.S. states to maintain the status of IRAs as roadless lands, spatial hedonic price models are estimated and used to calculate the implicit value of IRAs in New Mexico. Findings show that a two‐stage least squares (2‐SLS), robust spatial‐lag model is the most appropriate econometric representation of the hedonic price function, and that IRA lands are a significant and positive determinant of house value. After controlling for the presence of Wilderness Areas (WAs) and other characteristics, results indicate that, on average, there is a 5.6% gain in the property value of a house from being located in, or adjacent to, a Census tract with IRAs. In the aggregate, this gain represents 3.5% of the value of all owner‐occupied units in New Mexico ($1.9 billion in capitalized value, or an annualized value in perpetuity of $95 million, assuming a 5% interest rate). (JEL R22, H40, Q51, C21)     

城市公共景观对周边住宅价格影响——以株洲神农城为例

城市公共景观对提升城市竞争力,改善市民生活品质有显著贡献。然而目前国内对于城市公共景观的附加价值研究多停留于定性层面,在城市发展决策过程中,很难将其外部效用考虑进去。选择了株洲的公共景观项目,“四大百亿工程”之一的神农城周边楼盘作为研究对象,应用住宅特征价格模型定量计算丁神农城对其周边1250m范周内住宅价格的影响。结果表明神农城对剧边住宅价格有显著的正向影响。量化了的城市公共景观价值可以为开征环境税,城市土地利用结构与功能优化、城市空间合理布局以及城市绿地系统规划、立法、财政预算等提供理论依据和实证支撑。     

SUFFICIENCY OF THE LENS CONDITION FOR FACTOR PRICE EQUALIZATION

Abstract.  Demiroglu and Yun (1999 ) and Wong and Yun (2003 ) gave counterexamples to show that the lens condition is not sufficient for factor price equalization. However, they leave the following two important problems untouched: why the lens condition is not sufficient for factor price equalization in general; and whether counterexamples can be given only in a very special case. This paper extends these papers to a framework without two input vectors being proportional to explain why the lens condition loses sufficiency and gives a lot of counterexamples which include those provided in above papers as special cases.